might render the scene highly attractive, and draw a large assemblage.

The Shareholders, or those who had lent money, would open an account at the Institution, and their purchases would probably much exceed the interest of their advances. When several Institutions are formed, they will exchange their surplus produce with each other, according to their mutual wants and their respective localities, so that money, as a medium of exchange, will neither be required within the establishment, nor to any great extent in external transactions.*

The economical advantages of such a combination are so obvious and so well illustrated by the numerous Associations for escaping evils to which all are liable under the present system, that it can scarcely be necessary to dwell upon them. The objects of Benefit Societies-for burial, for allow

* Some have objected, that as the Institution would be obliged to contend with the competition of the general market, our principle of non-competition could not be maintained; but this difficulty, though for a short time unavoidable, would be surmounted as the Institutions became more numerous. This reminds us of another charge of inconsistency. It is said, that as the officers of the Self-supporting Institution receive salaries, there cannot be an equal participation in the benefits of the establishment; but the officers form no part of the Institution, and are not entitled to share in the ulterior advantages and proprietary.

ance in illness, support in old age, proprietary schools, and Insurance companies are all better secured, and accompanied with great moral advantages, without any expensive machinery, by the Self-supporting Institution. Whatever Reformers are seeking to promote, from the Church Building and Bible Societies down to the advocates of Universal Suffrage, would be more speedily, effectually, and safely advanced by these

Institutions.

MANAGEMENT.

DIFFICULT, as it may at first appear, to conduct these establishments to a successful issue, a more complete acquaintance with the subject will demonstrate, that when the various qualifications abounding in society are enlisted in the several departments of the Institution, it will be easily accomplished. So great also is the difference in managing reluctant or willing workmen; those who think only of their own wages, or those who will derive not only present but future benefits from the work done, that, surrounded by congenial influences, it is more probable labour would require rather to be restricted than stimulated. As General Directors, having the same relation to the Institutions as the Directors of Railroad

Companies to the Officers, the most competent would be found among the merchants and manufacturers, especially those connected with several large establishments, and accustomed to comprehensive arrangements; they would soon be able to select managers and assistant managers from among the inmates.

The Committee should have the power of expelling any incorrigible member: the necessity for this extreme measure, however, might be decided by a jury chosen from the general body of the inmates, who would have the chief interest in the preservation of order.

When the people are treated with justice and humanity, and trained to what is right, there will be little need of correction; but a Governor would be necessary in adjusting any little differences that might arise, and in promoting harmony; but he would act more as guardian and friend to the inmates, and would prove a suitable coadjutor to the Clergyman.

The precision-the drilling-the cleanliness, and personal carriage enforced in the army, are not without a moral effect hitherto counteracted and perverted; and there are many reasons why Governors should be sought in the army. The British Officer, to the advantages of a superior practical education, unites a high sense of honour

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and of justice, and from his professional experience has derived other important qualifications: exact in discipline, but courteous in demeanour, accustomed to forethought and to form extensive combinations, he has acquired from an intercourse with foreign nations a knowledge of mankind and of the institutions of other countries. Among the military are many men of extraordinary talent and great energy, but at present without any sphere of active exertion; a stern necessity has hitherto compelled them to share in the devastation of the fairest provinces, and in the conflagration of towns and villages their ardour and enthusiasm would be no less conspicuous in a field of enterprise more congenial to their elevated character.

Much of the details must be left to the Committees of the different Institutions; we attempt rather to offer suggestions than to propose any permanent regulations, which experience will best decide; but with regard to those principles that in general insure success in commercial undertakings, let us consider how far they are likely to be brought into operation. Discipline, punctuality, and order, good habits, and, above all, a sense of duty; the vigilant superintendence of a master or subordinates, having authority, and who are paid according to the pecuniary result. Now, all having the same interest as a master, all are losers

by the idleness or negligence of any individual member, who would thus have the eyes of so many masters upon him; and with regard to the formation of good habits and the exercise of the conscientious motives, we shall, under the head of "Moral and Religious Improvement," show that nothing will be neglected, as far as human means can foster right principles of conduct. But until the members are actuated by higher motives, and a better spirit engendered, there is the same security for good conduct as obtains in other large establishments-the railroad stations, offices under Government, and all public institutions, where the duties are performed with the greatest regularity. The officers are liable to expulsion for any negligence, and as the advantages of a situation, which so many are seeking, induce punctuality and attention, much more influential will be the fear of losing the benefits of a position of infinitely greater value.

MEMBERS.

THERE will be more difficulty in the management of the Incipient Institutions than after experience has been gained, and it may therefore be necessary to select the families, who will be chosen by the Committee according to their capabilities, and the