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dale, Rev. W. C. Sawyer, 1866; Bathurst, Rev. E. Marsden, 1869; and in 1874 the diocese of Ballarat was formed out of Melbourne, with the Rev. S. E. Thornton as the first bishop. In 1878 Northern Queensland was constituted a diocese, with Rev. G. H. Stanton as bishop; and Riverina, in New South Wales, was carved out of the dioceses of Bathurst and Goulburn in 1884, with the Rev. Sydney Linton as first bishop. -The changes in New Zealand were almost as great as in Australia; and at the present moment there are in New Zealand six bishops, those of Auckland, Waiapu (Napier), Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin. Bishop Selwyn was Metropolitan of all New Zealand; but with the exception of a grant of £1000 for religious purposes and endowments in the province of Canterbury for the Church of England,

and South Australia, £5000. One of the first legislative acts in the latter colony was to refuse State aid altogether. New South Wales and Tasmania remained stationary; while in Victoria, where the goldfields had been discovered, the sum was raised to £30,000 in 1855, and to £50,000 in 1856, the money being divided equally according to the census returns, but the Independents, Baptists and a section of the Presbyterians refusing to participate. An agitation commenced in all the colonies about 1856 against the continuance of State aid, and bills repealing the existing law were passed in all the legislative assemblies, but thrown out by the councils. In Tasmania a bill passed by both houses proposing to divide £100,000 amongst all the denominations, in lieu of the annual vote of £15,000, was disallowed by the

and in Otago for the Presbyterians, Duke of Newcastle. The newly formed

colony of Queensland abolished State

religious equality and voluntaryism practically existed from the first. The aid, with the proviso that all clergymen

constitution of the Church was settled at conferences held at Auckland in 1857, Christchurch in 1865, and Wellington in 1874. New Zealand was divided into the six dioceses described above; and after the departure of Bishop Selwyn, who was the first and only Bishop of New Zealand, the primacy was given to the occupant of the see of Christchurch. The first Australian colony to make any progress towards voluntaryism was South Australia, which was founded on that principle, although later on State aid was given for some years. In 1842 the supremacy of the Church of England throughout Australia received a severe blow by the limitation of the annual vote for religious purposes to £30,000, and the elevation of Dr. Polding, the Roman Catholic bishop of Sydney, to the rank of archbishop. After 1847 there was, so far as the distribution of religious funds was concerned, practical equality, the money voted being in proportion to the population. The Church of England received £20,141; that of Rome, £7681; Presbyterians, £2373 (a portion refusing State money); and Wesleyans, £1000.-In 1851 the enactment of the Constitution Act gave each colony a representative legislature, and fixed the amount to be voted to religious

then in existence should receive their stipend during their lifetime; and in 1862 the same principle was extended to New South Wales. The Tasmanian proposal was finally carried out, with some modification, the clergy receiving 6 per cent. per annum on the capital sum of £100,000, and a life interest was allowed to existing chaplains. Victoria was almost the last colony to abolish State aid; but in 1870 an Act was passed, by the provisions of which the vote actually ceased after 1875, but the denominations were allowed to deal as they pleased with their Church lands, some of which were extremely valuable. State aid is still continued in West Australia, the Anglican Church obtaining an annual grant of £2075. Up to 1850 the bishops were appointed by the Crown, had precedence over every one except the Governor and Chief Justice, and were styled "My Lord." Since that date they have been appointed by the Church Synods, or by persons delegated by them, and the bishop has no other official precedence than that of being the head of his denomination. The following is the present condition of the Church of England in Australia, according to the census of 1881:-NEW SOUTH WALES: Population of churchmen,

purposes at New South Wales, £28,000; 342,359; Dioceses: Sydney-Bishop and Tasmania, £15,000; Victoria, £6000; | Metropolitan of Australia, Most Rev. William Saumarez Smith, £3000; Dean lation, 232,000; Metropolitan Diocese of of Sydney, W. M. Cowper, £600; 2 arch-Christchurch-bishop and primate, Most deacons, 6 canons, 10 lay members of Rev. H. J. Chitty Harper; dean, Very chapter, 2 minor canons, 2 examining Rev. H. Jacobs; 3 archdeacons, 5 canons, chaplains, 163 clergymen, and 160 55 clergymen, and 80 churches; Nelsonchurches; Bathurst-bishop, Right Rev.

bishop, Right Rev. A. Burn Suter, 2 C. E. Camidge, £800, with residence; archdeacons, 23 clergymen, with 50 dean, J. T. Marriott, 4 archdeacons, 3 churches; Auckland-bishop, Right Rev. canons, 33 clergymen, and 93 churches; Wm. Garden Cowil, 5 archdeacons, 61 Goulburn-bishop, Right Rev. Mesac clergymen, 13 Maori clergymen, and 123 Thomas, £650 and residence, 2 arch-churches: Wellington-bishop, Right deacons, 8 canons, 33 clergymen, and Rev. Octavius Hadfield, 1 archdeacon, 113 churches; Newcastle-bishop, Right 21 clergymen, 3 Maori clergymen, and Rev. G. H. Stanton; vicar general, Canon 51 churches: Dunedin-bishop, Right

Rev. S. T. Nevill, 4 archdeacons, 25 clergymen, and 48 churches; Waiapu (Napier)-bishop, Right Rev. E. C. Stuart, 1 archdeacon, 22 clergymen, 10 Maori clergymen, and 53 churches;

Selwyn; 3 canons, 43 clergymen, and 117 churches; Grafton and Armidale-bishop, Right Rev. J. P. Turner, £500, 2 archdeacons, 26 clergymen, and 56 churches; Rivenia-bishop, Right Rev. Sydney E. Linton, £700, 12 clergymen, and 28 Melanesia-Missionary bishopric, Bishop,

Right Rev. J. R. Selwyn, 7 missionary clergymen, and 7 native deacons. Bishop Selwyn is in ill health, and has tendered his resignation to the Bishop of New Zealand. Total, 261 clergymen and 405 churches. The total Church population of Australasia may be taken, on Oct. 1st, 1891, at 1,300,000.

churches. QUEENSLAND: Church population, census of 1886, 112,972; Brisbanebishop, Right Rev. W. T. Thornhill Webber; coadjutor bishop, Right Rev. N. Dawes; archdeacon, 60 clergymen, and 85 churches. NORTH QUEENSLAND: Townsville-bishop, Right Rev. C. G. Barlow, 4 canons, 15 clergymen, and 19 churches. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Church population, census of 1881, 75,812; Diocese of Adelaide-bishop, Right Rev. G. W. Kennion, £1100; dean, Very Rev. Charles Marryatt; 3 archdeacons, 5 canons, 55 clergymen, and 133 churches. The northern territory of South Australia it is found that they are not so profitable

forms a portion of the Diocese of Sydney, but its oversight is intrusted to Adelaide. TASMANIA: Church population, census of 1888, 78,058. Bishop, Right Rev. H. Hutchinson Montgomery, £1000 and residence; administrator in absence of bishop, Archdeacon Hales; dean, Very Rev. C. L. Dundas; 8 canons, 54 clergymen, and 71 churches. VICTORIA: Church population, 1881,299,542; Dioceses: Melbourne-bishop, Right Rev. Flowers Goe, £2000; dean, Very Rev. H. B. Macartney; 4 archdeacons, 7 canons, 144 clergymen, 72 paid readers, and 308 churches; Ballarat Right Rev. S. Thornton, income £1000, 5 archdeacons, 5 canons, 45 clergymen, and 60 churches. WEST AUSTRALIA: Church population, 1881, 16,263; Diocese of Perth-bishop, Right Rev. H. Hutton Parry, £600; dean, Very Rev. R. Goldsmith; 1 archdeacon, 5 canons, and 18 clergymen, with 34

Angora Goats. These animals were introduced into New South Wales in 1836, and small flocks were subsequently introduced into Victoria. A fine flock was purchased by the Acclimatisation Society, and sent to the Wimmera district. But

as sheep.

Anne, Mount, Tas. A mountain, 3668 feet high, in the south-west portion of the county of Buckingham.

Anniversaries of the Foundation of Colonies. New South Wales Jan. 26, 1788; Tasmania Dec. 3, 1825; Western Australia June 1, 1829; South Australia Dec. 28, 1836; New Zealand Jan. 29, 1840; Victoria, July 1, 1851; Queensland Dec. 10, 1859.

Anson Bay (Northern Territory), S.A. A large inlet on the north-west coast, into which flows the Daly river.

Anson River, Tas. A small river falling into Anson Bay on the east coast.

Ant-eater or Porcupine (Echidna setora). Resembles a hedgehog in size and appearance, but has a long snout and a long cylindrical and flexible tongue, like that of the true ant-eaters, covered also with a viscous secretion, and used in the

churches. NEW ZEALAND: Church popu- | same way for capturing the ants on which

it feeds. It rolls itself into a ball like

Apoinga, S.A. A town in a pastoral

district, 284.

a hedgehog, and is found in sandy and and agricultural district, 86 miles N. sterile districts. Two closely allied by E. from Adelaide. Population, with species are known, the one inhabiting South and East Australia, and the other Tasmania. The Banded Ant-eater of Western Australia is the size of a squirrel, beautifully banded with white stripes, and with a long and somewhat bushy tail. It has fifty-two teeth, a larger number than any other known quadruped, and is believed to live almost exclusively upon ants. It is probably the representative of one of the most ancient types of mammal, since more nearly than any other living animal it resembles some of the marsupials of the secondary period.

Antill Ponds, Tas. A township and railway station on the main line from Hobart to Launceston, and 68 miles N. of the former city.

Antipodes Island. Area, 12,960 acres; 458 miles S.E. from Port Chalmers; is under the jurisdiction of New Zealand.

Anti-Transportation League. This Society was formed at Hobart in 1851 by the Rev. John West, afterwards editor of the Sydney Herald, H. Hopkins, R. Pitcairn and others, its object being to secure the cessation of transportation to any of the Australian colonies. Much support was given to the movement in New South Wales and Port Phillip, afterwards Victoria; and Mr. J. C. King, the town clerk of Melbourne, was sent as delegate to England, where he carried on a vigorous propaganda. In 1853 a despatch from the Imperial Government announced that transportation to the Eastern colonies would be abandoned, although it was continued to Western Australia until 1868.

Anvil Creek, N.S.W. A colliery town 32 miles from Newcastle, and 204 miles N. of Sydney, and on the Anvil creek. Population of district 2000.

Anxious Bay, S.A., on the south coast, near the Great Australian Bight, exposed to all west winds except those S. of S.S.W., and affords no secure anchorage. Aotea Harbour, N.Z. A small bar harbour, about 50 miles S. of Auckland on the west coast; the land around is fertile, grows large quantities of wheat and maize, and supports a considerable number of cattle and pigs. The population is principally Maori, there being only 120 whites.

Apollo Bay, Vict., in co. Polwarth, on the south coast, between Cape Patton and Cape Otway, and S. of the Cape Otway forest, which abounds in large trees; a safe anchorage in certain winds.t Appila Yarrowie, S.A. A town 157 miles N. from Adelaide. Population 160. Appin, N.S.W. A small town in co. Cumberland, 42 miles S. of Sydney, and 10 miles S. of Campbelltown. Population 300.

Apsley, N.S.W. A river in the New England district which falls into the M'Leay, and flows through a ravine nearly 3000 feet deep.

Apsley, Tas. An agricultural township on the railway from Brighton to Apsley. 36 miles N.W. of Hobart.

Apsley, Vict. A township on north branch of the Mosquito creek, to the N.W. of the Cannu lake, on the border of South Australia, 317 miles N.W. of Melbourne. Population 100.

Captain

Aquatics. The first boat-race in Australasia was on May 16th, 1818, from Bradley's Head to Sydney Cove, with the tide, between Captain Piper, naval officer, Captain Lawlie, Batavia ; Johnson, Guildford; and Captain Bell of the Minerva: won by Captain Piper in 15 min. Great attention has been paid to rowing, both professional and amateur, in all the Australasian colonies. All the champions have hailed from New South Wales. The following are the principal: Green, A. W., born 1836, beat Deward, 1856, M'Grath, 1857 and 1859; won the Sydney Sculling Champion Cup, 1857; went to London, and was defeated by Chambers on the Thames for the Championship of the World, 1859.-Hickey, William, born 1844, defeated R. Green, 1866, and M. Rush, 1870.-Laycock, E. C., born 1845, beat Trickett for champion belt, 1879; was defeated by Hanlan on the Thames in 1881, and on the Nepean in 1884, but defeated Boyd in 1882. -Trickett, Edward, born 1850; after a number of minor victories, beat Laycock and Mulhall for the sculling championship at Balmain in 1875, and same year defeated Laycock in a private match, and Laycock and Green at Balmain regatta. At anniversary regatta in 1876 defeated

Green. In same year, accompanied by Punch, visited England, and there gained championship of the world by defeating J. H. Sadler, champion of world, on the Thames. Defeated Rush on Parramatta river in 1877; was defeated by E. C. Laycock at National Regatta, Sydney, 1879; was defeated by Hanlan on the Thames in 1880, and again in 1882; was defeated by Rush on the Clarence in 1882 along with Laycock.-Beach, William, born in Surrey, England; beaten by Trickett on Parramatta river, July 28th, 1883, for £109 a side, in rough weather; defeated Trickett for £100 a side, in smooth water; defeated Trickett for £300 a side, August 27th, in 20 min. 44 sec.; won a trophy, given in order to test the best man for the championship, on Dec. 8th, defeating Trickett and others. On Jan. 26th, 1884, was defeated by Trickett; but, owing to a foul, the race was rowed over again, when Trickett won easily, Beach being unwell. On April 12th beat Trickett easily in 23 min. 17 sec. On August 16th beat Edward Hanlan, Canadian, the champion sculler of the world, on the champion course, Parramatta river, in 21 min. 17 sec. Beach defeated Clifford, Feb. 28th, 1885, and again defeated Hanlan on March 28th; on Dec. 18th defeated Neil Matterson. Sailed for England on March 27th, 1886, arrived at Plymouth May 17th; accepted a challenge from Hanlan, but nothing came of it, and then challenged any man in the world. Won the first prize of £1200, in the International Sweepstake on the Thames, defeating Teemer, Lee, Bubear and others. On Sept. 18th defeated J. J. G. Gaudaur, for £1000 and championship of the world, after a severe and exciting race. On Sept. 25th defeated William Ross for a similar stake, returned to Australia, and arrived at Sydney, Dec. 3rd, 1886. Hanlan followed him, and they met on the Nepean, when Beach again won and retired from championship, refusing to row Peter Kemp, and handing the championship over to him.---Kemp, P., became champion beat Green and White by 8 boat-lengths

July 14th, 1866; won his first race at Chatsworth in 1884. His first important performance was at Grafton in 1888, when he won a 2-mile race against Hearn, of New Zealand, and Christian Neilson. His first appearance on the champion course at Parramatta was in 1888, when he defeated Wulf, and then Stansbury, the last race being rowed in 19 min. 53 sec. He beat Christian Neilson on the champion course in Sept. 1888, and Hughes at Newcastle. He then challenged the champion (Kemp), and beat him easily on Oct. 27th, 1888, in 22 min. 44 sec. Hanlan declined to meet him, and he went to England on May 9th, and on Sept. 9th met O'Connor, the champion oarsman of America, on the Thames championship course, and beat him easily in 22 min. 42 sec. On the passage back to Australia he was attacked by typhoid fever, and died at Williamstown, Vict., on Dec. 10th, 1889. - Stanbury, James, born at the Hawkesbury, Feb. 25th, 1868, won first prize Lake Bathurst handicap 1887; beaten same year by Neilson on the Parramatta course. 1888, defeated Julius Wulf, but was beaten by Searle after a splendid race, which Searle said was the hardest he had ever rowed. 1890, defeated O'Connor twice at Parramatta. Stands 5 ft. 114 in. high, 414 in. round the chest, and splendidly built. 1891, defeated M'Lean for the championship, April 29th.

Championship Races.

R. Green, sen., beat Candlish, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, for £400, over the championship course, Parramatta river, June 23rd, 1853. Dale beat Gillett, Saltwater river, Melbourne; distance, 4+ miles; time, 46 min.; Jan. 14th, 1857. R. Green won the Sydney Scullers' Champion Cup, value 100gs. with 10gs. added, Port Jackson, Feb. 1857. R. Green beat T. M'Grath, Parramatta river, for £200 and championship; time 264 min.; August 9th, 1859. Chambers, of London, beat R. Green on the Thames 1859. Punch and M'Grath

on Parramatta river, 34 miles in 25 min., May 1861. Punch and M'Grath beat Green and White, for £100 a side, same course, August 1861. Hickey beat Green, Parramatta river, Jan. 20th, 1866. Hickey beat Rush for £200 and championship,

on resignation of Beach; defeated Clifford on Parramatta river, Feb. 11th, 1888; defeated E. Hanlan in 21 min. 26 sec.; defeated Hanlan in 21 min. 30 sec.; was defeated by Searle in 22 min. 44 sec.; claims championship of world on death of Searle. Searle, H. E., born at Grafton | Parramatta river; course, 34 miles;

time, 25 min.; Nov. 19th, 1870. Rush, Trickett, Laycock, Hickey, Green and Newby, met at Grafton, Clarence river, for £200 and championship of Australian colonies; distance 3 miles and 100 yards: Rush won by 18 boat-lengths, Trickett second, 2 boat-lengths before Laycock, third; time, 19 min. 42 sec.; Oct. 7th, 1874. Trickett beat Joseph Sadler, champion of England, for the scullers' championship of the world, on the Thames, June 27th, 1876. Trickett beat Rush for the sculling championship of the world, on the Parramatta river, by 6 boat-lengths3; 4 miles; time, 23 min. 35 sec.; June 30th, 1877. Laycock beat Trickett, National Regatta, Jan. 26th,

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the Central Railway. Population of district 2765.

Arapawa Island, N.Z. An islet in Cook's Strait, near Queen Charlotte Sound, in the South Island.

Arapiles, Mount, Vict., in co. Lowan, about 20 miles W. of Horsham. An isolated mountain near the Mitre Rock and the Mitre Lake, discovered and named by Sir Thos. Mitchell.

Ararat, Vict., an important town in the centre of a mining, agricultural and vine-growing district at the junction of the railways from Castlemaine to Ararat; Ballarat towards Stawell, Horsham and Adelaide, and the line to Hamilton, Portland, etc., 158 miles N.W. from Melbourne and 1028 feet above sea-level. It is an assize town, and has a large lunatic asylum, which will accommodate between 500 and 600 patients. The town is lighted with gas, and has a good supply of water. Population of town and district 8309. Local paper, Ararat Advertiser.

Ararat, Mount, Vict. A remarkable mountain, said to resemble the Mount Ararat of Scripture, in the Grampian range, near the town of Ararat.

Aratapu, N.Z. A town, 112 miles N. from the city of Auckland, situated on

the banks of the Wairoa in a timber district. Population 475.

Arawatta, N.S.W. A new county on the Queensland border, watered by the Macintyre and its tributaries.

Arcadia, Vict. A small township in an agricultural district on the Numurkah railway line, 98 miles N.E. from Melbourne.

Ardrossan, S.A. A town 125 miles N.W. of Adelaide, and near the head of St. Vincent Gulf. Population 110.

"Argus, The." A daily journal published in Melbourne, Vict., founded in 1846, when the population of the colony was only 33,834, by Mr. Kerr, afterwards town clerk of Melbourne. It did not become a power until it fell into the hands of Edward Wilson and J. S. Johnston, who showed great journalistic ability and business enterprise at the time of the gold discovery. For a long time the Argus was intensely democratic, but at the time of the Ballarat riots it changed its tone, and has since that date been the organ of the "wealth and intelligence party." Mr. Johnston sold his interest in the Argus to Mr. Lachlan M'Kinnon

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