of Palmerston North and Feilding. Population 7418.

Orphan Schools. Female Orphan School founded by Governor King, Oct. 1800; established at Parramatta, Feb. 1801; removed to new Orphan Asylum, Parramatta, 1818; Orphan School for Boys opened at Sydney, 1819; Roman Catholic Orphanage established in New South Wales by Rev. J. J. Therry 1834. See

also CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

Orroroo, S.A. A township in an agri

cultural district and railway station on

Pekina creek, 178 miles N. of Adelaide. Population 314.

Orville, Vict. A village on Orville creek, 138 miles N.W. of Melbourne. Daily mail from Dunolly. Large nuggets have been found here at various depths, one weighing 300 oz., and another 150 oz. The village is well supplied with water from a reservoir holding 2,000,000 gallons. Otago, N.Z. A province in the Southern Island, founded in 1848 by the emigration of a number of families connected with the Free Church of Scotland, who had formed an association and purchased 400,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company. Has now the largest population of any province; is bounded on the N. by Canterbury and Westland, and on all other sides by the sea; its length is 160 miles; its breadth 195; has a coast-line of 400 miles; an area of 15,038,300 acres, of which 9,000,000 are considered fit for settlement, 1,500,000 are forest, and the balance are broken and barren ranges full of auriferous quartz and affording good pasture for sheep. The province is the extreme S. of New Zealand, and has an equable climate-the mean at Dunedin being, in 1889, 51°, the highest temperature 63° and the lowest 381°; the total rainfall for the year was 23-446 inches. The W. coast is heavily timbered, mountainous and ragged, but the central and E. portion contain good land. On the W. coast are a succession of sounds and inlets, resembling the Norwegian fiords; the most remarkable are Preservation Inlet and

Taieri, Mataura, Oreti, Waiau, Makarora and Waitaki; and the Hollyford on the W. coast. The lakes include Wakatipu, Te Anau, (the largest in the island), Wanaka, Hawea, Waipori, Quakitopo, Kaitangata, Manipori and McKerrow. The most lofty peaks are Mount Aspiring, 9050 feet, Earnslaw, 9165, Tutuko, 8000, Ben Nevis, 7650, Titarau, 5643, and Hamilton, 4674. The estimated population on Jan.1st, 1890, was 158,661, of which 85,290 were males, and 73,371 females. The largest cities and towns are Dunedin, 45,805, Oamaru, 5724, Invercargill, 8,551; and there are many others of considerable importance. Railways traverse the province and connect Christchurch with Invercargill; from the latter there is a line to Kingston on Lake Wakatipu and many branches. Gold was discovered at Tuapeka by Mr. Gabriel Reed, in 1861, and since that date mining operations have been steadily pursued. The quantity of gold raised up to the end of 1889 was 4,720,545 ounces, valued at £18,630,952; the export for 1889 was 64,419 ounces, valued at £256,430; the area of the goldfields is about 24 millions acres. Coal has been found in many places, but it is generally only available for local consumption. At Green Island the coal fields extend over an area of 40 square miles, the seam averaging 18 feet in thickness. Good building stone and slate have been found. The area under crop in 1889 was 477,758 acres, of which wheat occupied 81,400, oats 194,730, hay 38,401, barley 7250 acres, potatoes 7758, grass land, surface sown, 164,732. The stock included 40,941 horses, 150,189 cattle, 4,446,835 sheep, and 51,480 pigs. The area of land sold to March 31st, 1890, was 2,558,386 acres. The larger proportion of the population is Presbyterian. There is a university at Dunedin, and primary education is wholly unsectarian.

Otahuhu, N.Z. A township in the centre of a fine agricultural district, and railway station on the main S. road, 9 miles S.E. of Auckland. Has meatfreezing works, soap, candle, implement and other factories. Sylvia Park, the stud farm of the New Zealand Stud Co.,

Communication by daily mail coach. Population, with district, 400.

Palmer's Island, N.S.W. A township in a sugar-growing district on Clarence river, 316 miles N. of Sydney. Steamer communication. Population 700.

Palmerston, N.Z. A township in the centre of a good grain-producing district, and railway station on the Christchurch and Dunedin line, 36 miles by road and 41 miles by rail N. from Dunedin, and 38 miles from Oamaru. Some of the best coal in Otago has been found at Shag Point, 6 miles distant. Population 790. Newspaper, Palmerston and Waikouaiti Times.

Palmerston, North, N.Z. A town in an agricultural district, and railway station on the New Plymouth line and the junction of railways from Wanganui, Wellington, Napier, Wairarapa, and Foxton, 101 miles N.E. by N. from Wellington, 24 miles from Foxton, and 62 miles from Wanganui. The town is lighted with gas and there is a good water supply. Palmerston is within 8 miles of the Manawatu gorge. Population 4303. Newspapers, Manawatu Times, Manawatu Weekly Times, and Manawatu Standard.

Palmerston (Northern Territory), S.A. The principal town of the South Australian settlement in the Northern Territory, on eastern shore of Port Darwin, 2000 miles N.N.W. of Adelaide. Communication by vessels of the Eastern Australian Steam Navigation Co., and British India steamers. Circuit Session of the Supreme Court held twice a year. A jetty is completed at a cost of £60,000 connecting with the railway, and is 1120 feet, running out to a depth of 38 feet; the narrow part being 670 feet long by 20 feet wide, while the wide part is 450 feet long and 55 feet wide. It is accessible to vessels of the largest draught. Communication to Southport by steam launch. The climate is intensely hot. Population 600, in addition to a large number of Chinamen. Newspapers, Northern Territory Times and Gazette, and North

Australian.

Palmerston (Northern Territory), S.A. A county in the N.W. facing Clarence Strait; intersected by the railway towards Pine Creek, and containing the towns and ports of Palmerston and South Port. Palmerston, Cape, Qd. A headland in

the Pacific, about 20 miles S. of the and port of Mackay.

Palmerville, Qd. A telegraph station in a good agricultural district, 25 miles W. from Maytown, the scene of the first discovery of gold in the Palmer river. Population, principally Chinese, 30.

Pambula, N.S.W. A township on the Pambula river, 275 miles S. of Sydney (200 by sea), 4 miles from Merimbula, and 12 miles from Twofold Bay. Steamer from Merimbula to Sydney. Nearest railway station, Cooma. Population, with district, 1400.

Pamphlet, Thomas, was found by Oxley in 1823 during an expedition to Moreland Bay living amongst the natives. He and another man were the survivors of a vessel which left Sydney eight months before to procure cedar at Illawarra, but was driven out of its course and wrecked on the coast near the present boundaryline between New South Wales and Queensland; the survivors were kindly treated by the aborigines and travelled with them over a large area of country; gave valuable information to Oxley, and showed him the river Brisbane.

"Pandora," H.M.S., Captain Edwards, sent in search of the mutineers of the Bounty, and succeeded in capturing 14; 2 had died, and 9 with Adams were not found for many years. Returning with these prisoners to England the Pandora was wrecked on the Australian coast, on Aug. 29th, 1791; 31 of the ship's company and 4 of the mutineers were drowned, 89 of the crew and 10 prisoners were saved. Of these prisoners 3 were subsequently executed after trial in England.

Panmure, N.Z. Originally a pensioner settlement, in an agricultural and pastoral district, on the W. bank of Tamaki river, 9 miles S.E. from Auckland. Population 342.

Panmure, Vict. A township and railway station on Emu creek, 151 miles W. of Melbourne, 16 miles N.E. of Warrnambool, and 14 miles S.W. of Terang. The districts contains heavy timber, which gives employment to a large number of the residents. The Hopkins Falls and Black's River Falls are in the neighbourhood. Population, with district, 500.

Panorama Mountain (Northern TerriA peak in the ranges of

tory), S.A. Blunder Bay.

Papakura, N.Z. A village and railway station between Auckland and Te Awamatu, 20 miles from Auckland.

Paradise, S.A. A township in a market gardening district, 6 miles from Adelaide. Frequent trams. Population 100.

Parattah, Tas. A village and railway station, 55 miles from Hobart, and 78 miles from Launceston.

Parker, Sir Henry Watson, born in Kent 1808; went to New South Wales in 1843 as private secretary to Sir George Gipps, and was for many years a member and chairman of Committees in the Legislative Council. Became Premier and Colonial Secretary, and member of the Executive Council from Oct. 1856 to Sept. 1857; was knighted for his public services, and died in England in 1881.

Parkes, N.S.W. A township in a mining and agricultural district, on Billabong creek, 264 miles W. of Sydney. Nearest railway station Molong, 50 miles distant. The district is making rapid strides in settlement. Population, with district, 4000. Newspaper, Parkes Independent. Parkside, S.A. An important suburb 1 miles S.E. of Adelaide. The town is partly lit with gas. Frequent trams to Adelaide. Population 3500.

Parkville, Vict. A suburb of Melbourne, 11⁄2 miles N. Near by is the Royal Park, where the Acclimatisation Society have an excellent Zoological collection, which is especially strong in the Australian fauna.

Parliaments. The first Legislative Council of New South Wales, all nomin

John Blaxland protested against certain items of expenditure, and his protests were entered on the minutes and forwarded to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. The debates were first thrown open to the public in 1838, after which date the proceedings were published in the newspapers. The same system of parliamentary government prevailed in New Zealand, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia up to 1851. In 1843 a system of representation was introduced into New South Wales, onethird of the members being appointed by the Governor, and two-thirds elected. Mr. Alexander Macleay, formerly Colonial Secretary, and the representative in the new parliament for the counties of Gloucester, Macquarie and Stanley, was appointed Speaker; amongst the members were W. C. Wentworth. Sir Charles Nicholson succeeded Mr. Macleay as Speaker in 1846. In 1846, a dispute arose between the Legislature and the Governor in consequence of a vote of censure about the manner the Crown funds were administered. Great dissatisfaction existed in the Port Phillip district in consequence of its members being outvoted, and at the general election of 1848 a number of non-residents, including the Duke of Wellington, were nominated but were not returned, but at a bye-election Earl Grey was returned. After 1851 the same system of government which existed in New South Wales was extended to South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia, and created in the new colony

the first act passed was one to make promissory notes and bills of exchange payable in Spanish dollars, payable in sterling money. Additional members of the Legislative Council, consisting of Archdeacon Scott, Alexander Macleay, Robert Campbell, sen., and Charles Throsby, were appointed in 1825. The power and independence of the Council were very limited; all the official members were under the control of the Governor, and the non-official nominees were removable by him. But in 1834 Mr.

thoroughly representative met at Sydney, May 22nd, 1856; Melbourne on Nov. 25th, 1856; Hobart, Dec. 2nd, 1856, Auckland, May 27th, 1854; Adelaide, April 22nd, 1857. In Queensland the original constitution conceded responsible government, and the first parliament met May 29th, 1860. In Western Australia, the old system of a partly representative, partly nominee parliament, was continued till Oct. 1890, when the new constitution, which is similar to that in force in the other colonies, was proclaimed, and the