The principal Cities and Towns are:- for Mines and Public Instruction, Mr. W. Brisbane, population, 93,657; Ipswich, O. Hodgkinson; Colonial Secretary and 7625; Toowoomba, 7007; Warwick, Minister for public works, Mr. Horace 3402; Rockhampton, 13,380; Cooktown, Tozer; Secretary for Public Lands and 2620; Townsville, 8564; Mackay, Agriculture, Mr. A. S. Cowley; Secretary 3597; Normanton, 1251; Maryborough, for Railways and Postmaster-General, 8700.- Constitution and Government. Mr. Theodore Unmack; Solicitor-General The form of government of the colony of Queensland was established Dec. 10th, 1859, on its separation from New South Wales. The power of making laws and imposing taxes is vested in a Parliament of two Houses-the Legislative Council, and the Legislative Assembly. The former consists of 39 members, nominated by the Crown for life. The Legislative Assembly comprises 72 members, returned from 60 electoral districts, for five years, elected by ballot, a six months' residence qualifying every adult male for the franchise. Owners of freehold estate, of the clear value of £100, or of house property of £10 annual value, or leasehold of £10 annual rent, or holders of pastoral lease or licence from the Crown, have the right of a vote in any district in which such property may be situated. At the end of 1888 there were 72,458 registered electors. The executive is vested in a Governor appointed by the Crown. Governor of Queensland: General Sir Henry Wylie Norman, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.I.E., etc.; appointed Governor of Queensland Dec. 1888. The Governor is Commander - in - chief of the troops and Vice-admiral of the colony. In the exercise of his executive authority he is assisted by an Executive Council of seven ministers. Each of the ministers who holds a portfolio has a salary of £1000 per annum. The Vice-President of the Executive Council receives £300 per annum. They are jointly and individually responsible for their acts. Queensland is divided into 30 munici (withaseatin the Council), Mr.T.J. Byrnes; Minister without portfolio, Mr. Walter Horatio Wilson. - Population. The population in 1886 was 322,853; in 1888, 387,463; and on March 31st, 1891, 393,718, of which 223,779 were males and 169,937 females. The total number included 8574 Chinese, of whom only 47 were females, principally employed in gold-mining, 9428 Polynesians, 8602 of whom were males; and there were 1864 members of other alien races, of whom 116 were females. No return was made of the aborigines, but police reports estimated their number in 1886 at about 12,000. The number is now probably much less. At the census of 1886 it was found that 55,890 persons were directly occupied with agriculture, 51,489 in industry, 19,790 in commerce, 7040 in professions, and 171,163 were classed as domestic (wives, children, servants, etc.). The bulk of the population are natives of the United Kingdom or the Australian colonies, there being at the census of 1886 only 47,830 of other nationalities. Of the total population 38 per cent. were born in Queensland, 20 per cent. in England, 6 per cent. in Scotland, 13 per cent. in Ireland. The births, marriages, and deaths were-1890: births, 15,407; marriages, 3195; deaths, 5638. The immigration was-in 1887, 32,393, of whom 307 were Chinese and 2079 Polynesians; 1888, 34,864, of whom 45 were Chinese and 2328 Polynesians; 1889, 35,606; 1890, 24,464. The emigration was-in 1887, 16,414, of whom 821 were Chinese and 2120 Polynesians; 1888, palities, 7 shires, and 106 divisions. The 23,059, of whom 873 were Chinese and municipalities (often of considerable 1385 Polynesians; 1889, 24,680; 1890, area) have local government somewhat 18,817.-Religion. There is no State similar to that which prevails in Church. Previous to 1861 valuable grants England. The largest municipality as regards population is Brisbane. The colony is virtually divided into three financial districts, Southern, Central and Northern. The following are the present ministers:-Chief Secretary and Attor of land had been made to the principal religious denominations, which they still retain, free of taxation. There is a Roman Catholic archbishop at Brisbane, and a bishop at Rockhampton. The Anglican Church has a bishop and a coadjutor ney-General, Sir S. W. Griffiths; Colonial bishop at Brisbane, and a bishop at Treasurer, Sir T. McIlwraith; Secretary Townsville. The following are the proportions the various religious denomi- £3,745,217. In 1890 the deficiency was nations bore to the population at the £484,909. Of the total expenditure in last census, taken in 1886: -Church of 1889-90, interest on loans absorbed England 34-99; Church of Rome 23.87; £1,099,401; working expenses of railways Presbyterians 11.70; other Protestant £618,798; public instruction £240,659; Churches 2014; other religions 9.20.- endowment to local bodies £279,041. Instruction. Education is by statute The public debt of the colony amounted compulsory, but no steps have been on Dec. 31st, 1891, to £30,605,584. The taken to enforce the law. There were amount expended during the year 1889-90 eight grammar or middle-class schools, out of the loans was £1,549,387, of which with 49 teachers and 742 pupils, in 1889. £93,756 was for immigration, £23,964 These receive Government grants under for electric telegraphs, £1,073,322 for certain conditions. In 1889 there were railways, £137,592 for harbours and 579 public elementary schools, with 1492 rivers, £94,879 for loans to local bodies. teachers, and an average daily attendance Of the total amount raised by loans of 40,472 pupils, the number of scholars £15,562,787 had been expended on railon the books being 71,687. In 1890 there ways, and £2,936,177 on immigration. were 621 schools, and 73,275 enrolled The rest had been devoted to electric scholars, 1539 teachers, and an average telegraphs, harbours and rivers, loans to attendance of 40,836. There were, be- local bodies, and for water supply, roads sides, 130 private schools, with 457 and bridges, buildings, defence, water teachers, and an average daily attendance storage, road boards, etc. - Defence. All of 7809 in 1889. Education in the State persons between 18 and 60 are liable for schools is free, the cost to the colony for military service. The Government has a the year 1890 being £202,569. At the drilled force of 3500 men, of whom about census of 1886, 29.44 per cent. of the 100 are paid regulars, 2000 militia, and total population could not read or write, the rest volunteers. The naval defences and in 1886, 5.62 per cent. persons consist of two gunboats, a torpedo-boat married signed by marks. Justice and and six corps of naval reserve and naval Crime. Justice is administered by a artillery. - Production. The total area Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice, of land alienated, or in process of alienaand four puisne judges, district courts tion, to the end of 1888, was 10,927,057 and police magistrates, assisted by justices acres, leaving 416,736,303 unalienated. of the peace. The total number of The area of land selected during 1889 persons arrested in 1889 was 12,308, and was 1,686,024 acres; and in 1890, 338,965 convicted 7418; police 754, of whom 150 acres. The Land Regulations will be are stationed at Brisbane. - Pauperism. found under LAND. The area under The charitable institutions in the colony cultivation in 1890 was 239,618 acres, are partly supported by Government. - of which 10,390 were under wheat, Friendly Societies. There are 175 so- 411 oats, 584 barley, 8994 potatoes, cieties, having 12,301 members, and funds 31,106 hay and 188,133 other tillage, to the amount of £81,620.-Finance. including maize, sugar and tropical The revenue of Queensland was in 1890 products generally. The yield of wheat £3,260,308, and in 1891 £3,405,000. Of was 207,990 bushels, or 20.02 to the the total amount in 1889-90 £1,437,667 acre; of oats 8967 bushels, or 21.82 to was raised by taxation, the Customs the acre; of barley 12,673 bushels, or yielding £1,209,580; excise and export 21.70 to the acre; of potatoes 28,810 duties £37,198; stamps £133,984; licences tons, or 3.20 to the acre; of hay 50,116 £56,899. The land revenue yielded tons, or 1.61 to the acre. The other £595,139, of which the rent of runs crops would probably include sugar, of amounted to £304,259; sales by auction which, in 1887-88, there were 30,821 £105,042; rents of homesteads and con- acres under cultivation, with a yield of ditional selections £75,565; leaseholds 34,022 tons, in addition to 722,162 gallons £35,290; mining occupation £22,611. of molasses. In 1888, 73,608 gallons of The receipts from the railways was rum were distilled. Maize is extensively £1,010,994, and miscellaneous services grown, more than 2,181,681 bushels returned £167,995. The expenditure was having been produced in 1888, the in 1889-90 £3,695,774, and in 1890 average yield per acre being 25-27 bushels. Lucerne, grapes, bananas and pine-apples are extensively grown. The number of live-stock in 1890 was 365,812 horses, 5,558,264 cattle, 18,007,234 sheep and 96,836 pigs. The mineral wealth is given under a separate heading. In 1889 there were 1334 manufactories in Queensland.-Commerce. A large number of articles are subject to duties which average 20 per cent. of the total value of imports. The imports of Queensland were: 1889, £5,946,611; and in 1890, £5,066,700. The imports in 1890 included: machinery, £554,458; manufactured articles of cotton, silk, woollen and linen, £874,847; flour, grain, wheat, etc., £530,069. The exports were, in 1889, £6,909,669; and in 1890, £8,554,512. The principal exports in 1890 were: gold, £2,256,476; wool, £2,524,742; sugar, £699,444; tin ore, £199,048; hides and skins, £116,714. Nearly all the gold and wool was shipped to England, which divides the trade of Queensland with the other Australian colonies. - Shipping and Navigation. In 1889, 760 ships of 506,780 tons entered inwards. Of these, 89 ships of 109,006 tons were from the United Kingdom; 529, of 326,775 tons, from the Australasian colonies; 27, of 39,348 tons, from Hong Kong and China; and 915, of 31,651 tons, from all other countries. The shipping outwards was 773 ships of 494,299 tons, and the proportion of ports of destination was about the same as in the case of the entries inwards. In 1890 the shipping inwards and outwards was 1222 of 910,779 tons. -Internal Communication. The Post Office of the colony in the year 1889 carried 13,070,083 letters, 10,937,339 newspapers and 1,914,495 packets. There were 834 post and receiving offices in the colony at the close of 1889. The Post Office revenue was £134,843, and the expenditure £221,287. At the end of 1889 there were 16,981 miles of wire.-Banks. There are twelve banks of issue and deposit in Queensland. The following are the statistics to June 30th, 1891: Notes in circulation, £620,102; deposits, £9,837,692; coin and bullion, £2,352,878; advances, £17,306,480. On Dec. 31st, 1890, there were 118 branches of the Government savings banks in operation, the amount to the credit of 43,875 depositors being £1,566,855. The total sum deposited during the year was £910,708; the average value of each account was £36 6s. 6d., and the average value of each deposit £9 118. Od. The interest added to depositors' accounts was £66,567. The funds are principally invested in Queensland Government Debentures. - Agent-General for Queensland in Great Britain: Sir James Garrick, K.C.M.G. Secretary : Charles Shortt Dicken, C.M.G. Queensland Royal Mail Steamers. This line, which is worked by the British India Steam Navigation Company, sails from the Royal Albert Docks, London, to Brisbane, every four weeks. The steamers touch at Naples on the ninth day, and call at Aden, Batavia, and the following Queensland ports: Thursday Island, Cooktown, 50th day; Townsville, 51st; Bowen, 52nd; Mackay, 52nd; Rockhampton, 53rd; Brisbane, 55th. Via Naples the time occupied is seven days less. The steamers on the line are the Dorrinda, 3136 tons; Jumna, 5197 tons; Merkara, 3197 tons; Roma, 2727 tons; Tara, 4713 tons; Taroba, 4972 tons; India, 4065 tons; Duke of Argyle, 3100 tons; Jelunga, 5186 tons; and Avoca, 5420 tons. Queenstown, N.Z. A mining and agricultural township prettily situated on the E. shores of Lake Wakatipu, 110 miles from Invercargill, and 196 miles N.W. of Dunedin. Communication with Dunedin by coach to the Lawrence railway station, or by steamer across the lake to the Kingston railway station. Four miles distant is the township of Frankton. Population 786. Newspaper, Lake Wakatipu. Queenstown, Vict. A township in a mining and dairy farming district on Diamond creek, 27 miles N.E. of Melbourne, with which it has coach communication, via Eltham. Population, with district, 1300. Queenton, Qd. A suburb 1 mile from Charters Towers, in which the railway station is situated. Population 1600. Queenton, Qd. A village on the Palmer goldfields on Gregory creek, 3 miles S. from Maytown. Population 60. Quindalup, W.A. Is in the centre of the timber industry, one mill giving employment to 100 men; 159 miles S. from Perth, and 16 miles from Busselton. Quirindi, N.S.W. A township in a farming and agricultural district, and railway station on the Great Northern line, 1278 feet above sea-level, on Quirindi creek, a tributary of the Namoi on the northern slope of the Liverpool range, 242 miles N. of Sydney. Population 1000. Newspaper, Quirindi Gazette. Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de. A Spanish navigator. Was chief pilot of Menandez' expedition in 1595, and took command after the death of his leader and brother-in-law, Lorenzo Beneto. In 1605 commanded another expedition, which sailed from Lima in 1605. Steered W. by S.: discovered Tahiti on Feb. 10th, 1606: sighted land, to which he gave the name of Tierra Austral del Espiritu Santo, but which is now believed to have formed part of one of the New Hebrides Isles. His crew refused to proceed farther, but one of his consorts, under the command of Torres, continued his course westward, and sailed through the straits which now bear his name. Quiros returned to Acapulco, and sent to the King of Spain an account of his discoveries, with a petition to be allowed to undertake a third expedition. After much delay his request was granted, but he died at Panama while on his way to Lima to put out his ships. Quorn, S.A. A township and railway station on the Great Northern line, 959 feet above sea-level: 25 miles from Port Augusta, and 265 miles N. of Adelaide. Population 540. R Rabbits were first introduced into | Sydney was held in Hyde Park, and was Victoria about 1865, and into Tasmania established by the officers of the 73rd about the same period by the Austin Regiment, in 1810. From that date races family. For some time they were carefully protected, but they gradually spread from Winchelsea, on the Barwon river near Geelong, all over the south-western district of Victoria, and thence all over Victoria, New South Wales, and the southern portions of South Australia and Queensland. The rabbits breed all through the year, and the young driven off by the old rabbits keep on migrating farther and farther N. Energetic steps have been taken to diminish their numbers, inasmuch as the rabbits make useless a large extent of otherwise valuable country. But these efforts are only partially successful. No method has been found effectual for largely diminishing the rabbits, although the colonial governments, especially that of New South Wales, have offered large rewards for a successful plan. M. Pasteur suggested the inoculation of the rabbits with a malady to which domestic fowls are subject, but it was feared that the remedy would be worse than the disease. Rabbits abound all over New Zealand. Racing. The first race meeting ever held in Australasia was at Parramatta, in 1810, when a horse called Parramatta were held frequently, although not annually. A turf club was established at Sydney in 1825, with the Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, as patron, and Sir John Jameson as president: and it held its first meeting in April 1825; a turf club was established at Parramatta the same year. In 1826 the Sydney Turf Club held its meeting on the new course, Homebush, 4 miles from Sydney, on the Parramatta road. About this date Admiral (then Captain) Rous imported Emigrant, and gave a great impetus to Australian breeding. In 1828 a second racing club was established at Parramatta. The first Australian horses of any note were Spring Gun and Bennelong, who carried everything before them in 1828, 1829 and 1830. In 1829 races were first run at Hawkesbury. In 1832 the principal events of that meeting were won by an imported colt called Whisker. In 1832 races were held at Liverpool, and the cracks were Whisker, Emancipation, Steeltrap and others. By degrees race meetings were held in country towns, such as Campbelltown, Wollongong, Maitland, etc., and at Hobart and Launceston; and when, in 1836, Adelaide and Mel beat Belfast-pedigree of competitors bourne were founded, racecourses were unknown. The first race meeting at established in those cities, and also at Geelong. By 1849 racing was an estab- this race all the colonies, including lished institution throughout Australia, and a great impetus was given to it in New South Wales by Sir Charles Fitzroy and his sons. The older colony had men of wealth and position on the turf, such as Jardine, Jamieson, Hunter, Goodsir, Chambers, Darvall, Atkinson, Rowe and Scott; while in Victoria there were the Austins, the Orrs, the Campbells and Ferrers; Vansittart and Paxton in South Australia; Lord and Field in Tasmania. In 1849 Petrel, a New South Wales horse, Bunyip and Bessy Bedlam by Cornborough, were the cracks in Victoria; while in New South Wales Jorrocks, Plover, Blue Bonnet, Green Mantle, were names familiar to every one. In 1854 the first attempt at what may be termed intercolonial racing was made by Anthony Green, who took to Sydney the Victorianbred horse Van Tromp, which was beaten by Dora. Few of the racehorses then running were quite thoroughbred, their sires being generally imported, and in the stud book, but their dames had generally a flaw in their pedigree. When, Western Australia, except Queensland, were represented for the first time; and New Zealand sportsmen, such as Duppa, Redwood and others, brought their horses to compete with those of the mainland. Mr. Redwood brought to Australia, Zoe, Zingara, Io; and Mr. Duppa had Camden, Wildrake and Phœbe. In 1860 and 1861 the champion race was won by Zoe, by Sir Hercules-Flora McIvor, who also won the champion race at Brisbane in the latter year. in 1862 the champion race was won by Mormon, a Victorian-bred horse, by the Premier; and in 1873 by a Sydney horse, Talleyrand. But by that time the principal race in Australia was the Melbourne Cup, of which the winners will be found below. Racing is now universal all over Australasia: the stakes are large, the amount of betting is considerable, and the management of the races is much better than in most other parts of the world. The added money to the Melbourne Cup is now £10,000, and the winning horse in 1890 received the substantial sum of £11,675, in 1857, Mr. Rowe's chestnut gelding, the second £2000 and the third £1000. In Veno, was matched against Mr. Chirn-1868 there was a ten-mile race at Wagga side's Alice Hawthorn, and beat her in a 3-mile race on the Melbourne course, the pedigree of each was very doubtful. But about that time Mr. Hurtle Fisher, of Adelaide, imported Fisherman and a number of thoroughbred English mares, and since that date there has been much intercolonial rivalry amongst men of wealth, which has resulted in the gradual improvement of the Australian racehorse, until to-day he can meet in his own country the best horses of the world on even terms, and but for the long voyage and the difference in climate, would have a fair chance in England itself. The attempt of the late Mr. White to win the English Derby was a failure, but one of his horses scored an important victory at Ascot; and several Australian horses, notably Ringmaster, run regularly in England. Other intercolonial matches followed that between Veno and Alice Hawthorn, the victory generally falling to New South Wales. Wagga, won by Australian, carrying 11st. 7lb., in 23 minutes 35 secs. In addition to betting and the pari mutuel, known in the colonies as the Totalisator, large sums are invested in sweeps. Bookmakers are now licensed by all the leading clubs, and none others are allowed to ply their occupation or shout the odds. The principal racecourses are those at Flemington, Victoria, near Melbourne, and Randwick near Sydney. At both, the management and accommodation for the general public are better than at any racecourse in England, while for the members of the club it is only equalled by Ascot, Sandown, Kempton Park and Goodwood. At Flemington the attendance on the Cup day frequently exceeds 140,000; and the Victoria Amateur Turf Club, which holds its meets at Caulfield, is little inferior to its great rival the Victorian Racing Club. The principal races during the year are: - VICTORIA. Melbourne. The Melbourne Champion Race, 3 miles, Cooramin beat Tomboy, Veno defeated for all horses; the Maribyrnong Plate, Van Tromp. In 1859 a champion race, 35 furlongs, for 2-year-olds; the Victorian miles, open to all the Australian colonies, Derby, 11⁄2 mile, for 3-year-olds; the Oaks, was won by a Victorian-bred three-year for 3-year-old fillies; the Melbourne Cup, colt, Flying Buck, by Warhawk. At 2 miles, a handicap for all horses; the |