sula, 90 miles N.E. from Hobart. There is a good beach 9 miles in length. General sessions are held here. Steamer Communication with Hobart. Nearest railway station, Campbelltown. Population, with district, 1300.

Sweers Island, Qd. An island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, N.W. of the mouth of the Albert river, and separated from Bentinck Island by Investigator Roads; is very woody, and contains an eminence 150 feet high. The town of Carnarvon, on the island, founded in 1865, with the explorer Landsborough as Superintendent, is now almost abandoned, and is no longer a port of entry.

Switzers (Waikaia), N.Z. A township in an alluvial mining district, on the Waikaia river, 132 miles S.W. of Dunedin and 73 miles from Invercargill. Nearest railway station, Riversdale, 15 miles distant. Population 210.

Sydenham, N.Z. A suburban extension of the city of Christchurch, on the Heathcote river. Tram and coach communication; contains pottery works, steam saw-mills, a brewery and an agricultural implement works. Population

9680.

Sydney, N.S.W. The metropolis and seat of government for New South Wales, and the oldest city in Australasia; is picturesquely situated on the S. shores of Port Jackson, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the world, and only rivalled by the harbour of Rio de Janeiro, the Bay of Naples, and, possibly, the Bays of San Francisco, and of Vigo, in Spain. The entrance to Port Jackson from the Pacific Ocean is upwards of a mile in breadth, and is well lighted during the night on its southern cliffs. On the South Head, 14 mile from the entrance, in 33° 51′ 30′′ S. lat., and 151° 19' E. long., was the first lighthouse built in Australasia, the Macquarie lighthouse, 76 feet high, erected on cliffs 268 feet above the sea-level, the light being visible at 25 miles distance. This lighthouse has been superseded by a larger building, from which the electric light now flashes its rays across the ocean.

It

is one of the most powerful lights in the world, and can be seen at a distance of about 30 miles. The southern shore is dotted with mansions and villas from Rose Bay to Woolloomooloo, and the

N. shore. The city proper is situated at a distance of about 4 miles from the entrance to the harbour, but it has long since overgrown its original boundaries. The harbour is not a uniform expanse of water, but is broken up in all directions into capacious open-mouthed bays by the numerous promontories jutting out into it. These bays are harbours in themselves; and some of them, principally on the northern side, are the continuation of other harbours or rivers, which are navigable for several miles. The watery indentations that encircle the city allow its very centre to be easily reached from the water. The most important bays are Sydney Cove, or Circular Quay, and Darling Harbour; but there are an almost innumerable number of harbours, all with plenty of water for ocean-going ships, and with shores lined with wharves. The harbour extends for some distance beyond Sydney, but gradually loses itself in two great feeders, one Lane Cove, the other the Parramatta river, which is navigable for several miles to within a short distance from the old-fashioned town from which it takes its name. Communication between the city and the neighbouring marine suburbs is maintained by means of steamers and steamferries; and with the inland districts by steam-tramways, which run down the principal streets; by omnibuses and hansoms; while the railway, which has its terminus at Redfern, connects the metropolis with Parramatta and other more distant localities. The suburbs proper of Sydney comprise Pyrmont and Balmain on the opposite shores of Darling Harbour, the Glebe on the S.W., Newtown, Redfern, Marrickville and Waterloo on the S., Paddington, Woolloomooloo, Randwick, Waverley, Woolhara, Coogee and Bondi on the E., Concord on the N.W., St. Leonard's, Manly Beach and Mossman's Bay on the N. shores. There are scores of more distant villages which are rapidly becoming suburbs of Sydney. The water supply of the city is obtained from the Nepean river at Penrith; the sewerage runs into the ocean. The number of houses in the city and suburbs is estimated at about 122,000. In 1889 the annual value of ratable property in the city proper was £2,276,362 at 18. 6d. in the pound; capital value, £45,527,240; 115 miles; number of ratepayers about 6,320. All the main streets are paved with wooden blocks and cubes, and the system is being rapidly extended to the minor streets, the area already laid being 290,670 square yards. The revenue of the City Council for 1889, including city, water and sewerage funds, amounted to £359,851 88. 4d.; miles of sewerage, 69; average daily consumption of water, 9,000,000 gallons. Sydney is well fortified, and batteries with heavy guns have been erected on the various headlands which command points of vantage. The Circular Quay at the head of Sydney Cove has a length of 1300 feet, available for the largest steamers of the P. & O., the

prime ministers, Pitt and Castlereagh; the various royal princes, York, Kent, Clarence, Sussex and Cambridge; and the early governors, Phillips, Hunter and King. Many of the public buildings date from the time of George III., and bear upon them the name of that monarch. The city proper is 34 miles long from N. to S., and 3 miles broad from E. to W., but the suburbs cover an immense area. Sydney is the centre of the railway system of New South Wales; the Northern line extends to Newcastle and the Queensland border; the Southern to Goulbourn and the Victorian border, with extensive branches to all the southwestern districts; the Western extends

Harbour, which skirts the western side

occupied with wharves and quays. The Fitzroy Dry Dock at Cockatoo Island has capacity for the largest ships afloat, and the private dock of Messrs. Mort & Co., at Waterview Bay, is 409 feet long. Sydney is in all respects a first-class port. During the year 1889 the number of British and foreign ships which entered Port Jackson was 1754, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,759,658 tons. Sydney is the seat of an Anglican Bishop, who is the Primate of Australia, and of a Roman Catholic Cardinal-Archbishop. It is governed by a Mayor and Corporation, is the seat of a University, and is well provided with parks and public gardens. The Domain, which surrounds Government House, and the Botanical Gardens, are especially beautiful. The public buildings include the Hall and Colleges of the University, the Anglican and Roman Catholic Cathedrals, the offices of the Government, the Parliament Houses, the buildings of the various banks and insurance offices, and a large number of handsome churches, hotels, theatres, etc. Unfortunately the principal thoroughfares, George and Pitt Streets, are somewhat narrow, and the magnificent buildings which they contain, like those in Lombard and Threadneedle Streets in the city of London, are not seen to advantage. Sydney is, as compared with its rival, Melbourne, an oldfashioned looking city; the principal streets were laid out during the earliest portion of the present century, and bear

census was 386,000. The local newspapers published are: Morning dailies: The Sydney Morning Herald, The Sydney Daily Telegraph, and Daily Guide. Evening dailies: The Echo, The Evening News, Star, Entr'acte. Weeklies: The Sydney Mail, Town and Country Journal, Freeman's Journal, Sporting Life, Churchman, Church of England Record, Referee, Australian Record, Christian World, Builders and Contractors' News, Presbyterian, Once a Week, War Cry, The Protestant Standard, Sunday Times, Sunday News, The Sun, Sunday Story Teller, Pastoralist, The Bulletin, Wesleyan Advocate, Government Gazette (bi-weekly). Monthlies: The ABC Railway Guide, Castner's Rural Australian, The Illustrated Sydney News, The Australian Journal, Medical Gazette, The Australasian Sketcher, King's Business, Centennial Magazine, Parthenon, Economist, Dawn, Railway and Tramway Review, Colonial Military Gazette, Good Templar, Australian Engineer, Mirror, Republican, Freemason's Chronicle.

Sydney Morning Herald, The, is the oldest daily newspaper in Australasia, and its progress has been identical with that of New South Wales. It first appeared on the 18th April, 1831, under the title of the Sydney Herald as a weekly newspaper. In 1833 it was issued as a bi-weekly; in 1837 it advanced to the position of a tri-weekly paper; and in 1840 the late Hon. John Fairfax, M.L.C., and the late Hon. Charles Kemp, M.L.C., became the proprietors, and issued it as a daily newspaper. In 1853 the interest of the latter partner was purchased by the Hon. John Fairfax, in whose family the property remains, the Sydney Morning Herald having been published by the

Table Cape, Tas. A headland in Bass's Straits, between Emu Bay and Circular

Head.

Table Mountain, Tas. A peak 3596 feet high, S. of Lake Sorell.

Tabletop, Qd. A township in the centre of a rich auriferous district, about halfway between Croydon and Normanton. Population 700.

Tahara, Vict. A village in an agricultural district on the Wannon river, 20 miles from Hamilton, 12 miles from Coleraine, and 249 miles W. of Melbourne.

Taieri, N.Z. A county in the South Island, with a population outside the city of Dunedin and its suburbs of 7097, is watered by the Taieri river, and is traversed by the railway from Christchurch towards Invercargill, Dunedin to Port Chalmer, the branch line to Outram, the Otago Central and other lines. Principally inhabited by farmers. Newspaper, Taieri Advocate.

Taila, N.S.W. One of the new counties on the banks of the Murray, a short distance above the irrigation colony of Mildura, and contains the town of Euston.

Takaka, N.Z. A small township in a timber district on the Takaka river, 68 miles from Nelson, with which it has steamer communication. Nearest railway station, Nelson. Population 1500. Newspaper, Takaka News.

Takapau, N.Z. A township in a grazing district, and railway station on the Ruataniwha plains, 57 miles from Napier and 18 miles from Waipawa.

Talbot, Vict. One of the old counties, with an area of 1621 square miles, which contains the towns of Castlemaine, Creswick Clunes, Talbot Amherst, Daylesford, Majorca, Maryborough, Tylden and Carisbrook; is watered by the Loddon, Deep and Creswick creeks; contains a population of 59,103; is intersected by the railways from Melbourne to Sandhurst, Carlsruhe to Creswick, Castlemaine to

firm under the style of John Fairfax and Sons since the year 1857. This journal has always held the foremost rank in the colony; it does not commend itself to any particular party, invariably taking an entirely independent course.

Maryborough and Creswick to Maryborough. The area under crop in 1889 was: wheat, 8893 acres; oats, 26,626; barley, 1872; potatoes, 7339; hay, 38,097.

Talbot, Vict. A township in a mining and agricultural district, and railway station on the branch line from Ballarat to Maryborough, 818 feet above sea-level on Back Creek, 120 miles N.W. of Melbourne and 9 miles from Maryborough; is lighted with gas, and has a good water supply; contains flour-mills, and soap and candle works. Population, with district, 1745. Newspaper, Talbot Leader.

Talia, S.A. A township in the centre of a large pastoral district on the E. coast of Anxious Bay, 332 miles W. from Adelaide, 136 miles N.W. from Port Lincoln and 15 miles S. from Venus Bay.

Talisker, S.A. An old farming district near Cape Jervis, 66 miles S. of Adelaide. Communication with Adelaide by coach daily.

Tallangatta, Vict. A township in the centre of a good pastoral and mining district on the river Mitta Mitta, at the junction of the Tallangatta creek, 205 miles N.E. of Melbourne and 26 miles from Wodonga. Nearest railway station, Bolga, on the branch from Wodonga. Population, with district, 300. Newspaper, Upper Murray and Mitta Herald.

Tallarook, Vict. A village in an agricultural and timber district, and railway station on North-Eastern line, on the Sydney road and Reedy creek, 56 miles N. of Melbourne. Population 160.

Tamaki Strait, N.Z. A narrow sheet of water, which connects Auckland Harbour with the Firth of Thames, and divides Waiheke Island from the mainland.

Tamar River, Tas., is formed by the confluence of the North and South Esk at the town of Launceston, and after a course of between thirty and forty miles falls into Bass's Straits at Port Dalrymple, near George Town. The river flows through Tambaroora, N.S.W. A mining township on the Tambaroora creek, 168 miles N.W. of Sydney, 25 miles W. from Sofala and 60 miles by coach from Bathurst. Including Hill End, this has been one of the richest gold-reefing districts in Australia; but, although large quantities of gold have been found here, the early prospects of the locality have not been carried out. Hill End is three miles distant. Population 300.

Tamber Springs, N.S.W. A village on the slopes of the Tambar range, 42 miles S.W. of Gunnedah, with which it has coach communication, and 322 miles N. from Sydney.

Tambo, Qd. A township on a branch of the Barcoo river, 550 miles N.W. of Brisbane and 330 miles (400 by rail and coach) inland S.W. from Rockhampton. Nearest railway station, Charleville. Water has been struck in an artesian well at a depth of 1000 feet. Population, with district, 886.

Tambo, Vict. One of the new counties in the Gippsland district; area Gippsland 1958 square miles, population 1804, with a frontier to the Southern Ocean, and between the Snowy and Tambo rivers; had in 1889 less than 1000 acres under crop.

Tamboritha, Mount, Vict. A peak in the Australian Alps, 5381 feet high.

Tambourine, Qd. A township in the centre of a fine agricultural and pastoral district, on the Logan, 9 miles from the head of navigation. Communication by steamer. Newspaper, Logan and Albert Advocate.

Tambulam, N.S.W. A village in a mining and pastoral district on the Clarence river, at the crossing place from Lawrence to Tenterfield, 40 miles W. from Casino, and 530 miles N. from Sydney. Communication from Grafton by steamer or via the Armidale railway station. Population 60.

Tamworth, N.S.W. An important town in the midst of a good pastoral, agricultural and mining district, and railway station, on the Peel and Cockburn rivers, and Goonoo Goonoo creek, 282 miles N. of Sydney, and 163 miles from Maitland. The principal goldfields are at

vanised iron manufactory, coach and buggy factories, and brewery; is lighted with electric light, and was the first town in Australia lighted by electricity. Population, with district, 10,000. Newspapers, Tamworth News, Tamworth Observer, and Farmers' and Selectors' Advocate.

Tandora, N.S.W. One of the new counties on the W. bank of the Darling, and due E. of the Broken Hills district.

Tanjil, Vict. One of the new counties in Gippsland, with an area of 2818 square miles, and a population of 19,399, lies to the north of the railway from Moe to Sale, and is traversed by the railways from Latrobe to Stratford, and from Sale to Stratford. Contains the towns of Sale, Stratford and Heyfield; is watered by the Latrobe, the Macalister, and the Thomson rivers, and is bounded on the E. by the Mitchell river.

Tanjil, Vict. A village in a mining and pastoral district, 96 miles S.S.E. of Melbourne. Nearest railway station, Moe. Population 150.

Tantanoola, S.A. A township in the centre of a good farming and grazing district, 21 miles from Mount Gambier, and 308 miles S.E. from Adelaide.

Tanunda, S.A. A township in a wheat and wine-growing district, on the North Para river, at the base of Barossa ranges 42 miles N. of Adelaide. Nearest railway station, Gawler, 17 miles distant. Population, with district, 1000.

Tapanui, N.Z. A township in the centre of a large agricultural and timber district, and railway station on the Invercargill, Waipahi and Kelso line, on the Pomahaka river, 98 miles S.W. from Dunedin. In the neighbourhood are saw-mills, dairy factory, fellmongery, and steam saw-mills. Population 500. Newspaper, Tapanui Courier.

Tara, N.S.W. One of the new counties on the banks of the Murray in the S.W. of the colony, and on the borders of Victoria and South Australia.

Taradale, N.Z. A township in an agricultural district near the river Tutaekuri, 8 miles from Napier and 5 by the New Taradale road, and 2 miles from Meanee. Constant coach communication with Napier. Artesian wells supply (Meanee), 1500.

Taradale, Vict. A township in a farming and mining district, and railway station, on the Melbourne and Echuca line, 1338 feet above sea-level, on the Back creek near the Coliban river, 68 miles N.N.W. of Melbourne. Population of the Riding, 1600.

Taralga, N.S.W. A township in an agricultural and pastoral district on the Corroboree creek, 156 miles S.W. of Sydney. Nearest railway station, Goulburn. Twelve miles distant are the Wombeyan limestone caves, one of the sights of the colony. Population, with district, 2000.

Tarana, N.S.W. A township in a pastoral district and railway station on the Western line, 120 miles from Sydney. Coaches run to Oberon and the celebrated Fish River caves. Population, with district, 500.

Taranaki, N.Z. A province formerly called New Plymouth, on the W. coast of the Northern Island, to the N.W. of Wellington and S. and S.W. of Auckland, with a sea-board of 130 miles, an area of 2,137,000 acres, of which three-fourths are dense forest, and the remainder when not cultivated is either fern or flax land. The province takes its name from Mount Egmont, called by the Maoris "Taranaki"; was founded by the Plymouth Company of New Zealand in 1840. In 1890 the population was estimated at 19,757: 10,465 males and 9992 females; the holdings were 2421; total under crop, 14,358 acres; horses, 8514; cattle, 79,848; sheep, 132,870; the land alienated was 718,656 acres. Little is known about the mineral resources of the province, but titaniferous iron-sand of great rich ness is found near the town of New Plymouth. Coal is said to exist on the Mokau river. Graphite and petroleum are also found in small quantities. The soil is rich, the climate temperate, and the rainfall sufficient; but the settler has either to hew his path through forest or clear the fern land. A railway connects Taranaki with Foxton via Wanganui, and there is through communication with Wellington. The principal rivers are the Mokau, Patea, Waitara, Kaipokonui, Whenuakura and Waitotara, and the principal towns are New Ply

about 1,500,000 acres are available for settlement.

Taranaki, N.Z. A county in the Northern Island, with a population of 7981, in the neighbourhood of the town and port of New Plymouth, and containing Mount Egmont, and the settled district between its base and the Pacific Ocean.

Taranna (Norfolk Bay), Tas. The most important of four small coasting places, on Tasman Peninsula, the names of the other three being Premaydena (Impression Bay), Nubeena (Wedge Bay), and Koonya (Cascades). Carnarvon (Port Arthur) is to the southward. The natural curiosities on the Peninsula are Eagle Hawk Neck, Blowhole, and the Pavement. Steamer communication to Hobart.

Tarawera Lake, N.Z., in the centre of the Hot Springs district.

Tarawera, Mount, N.Z., a volcano in Auckland Province in the centre of the Hot Spring District, became active on June 10th, 1886, and destroyed the terraces of Rotomahana, the village of Wairoa and about 120 lives.

Tarawera, N.Z. A small village in the valley of the river Waipunga, a tributary of the Mohaka, and close to the Auckland boundary, b lary, 50 miles N.W. from Napier.

Tarcowie, S.A. A township 175 miles N. of Adelaide. Nearest railway station, Petersburgh.

Tarcutta, N.S.W. A township in a pastoral district on the Tarcutta creek, 30 miles E. of Wagga-Wagga, and 288 S.W. of Sydney. Nearest railway station, Gundagai. Tobacco is grown in the district, and several gold reefs are worked near the township. Population 250.

Taree, N.S.W. A township in an agricultural and pastoral district on the N. bank of the Manning river, 20 miles from the junction with the sea, and 4 miles from the junction of the Dawson with the Manning; 225 miles from Sydney. Communication with Sydney by steamer or nearest railway station, Hexham. The main road from Maitland to Port Macquarie passes through the town. Quarter and district courts are held here. Population 800. Newspapers, Manning River Times and Manning River Independent.

Tariffs. Each Australian colony has a separate tariff, most of them being framed on the principle of protection to native