attempt made by three men-Worral, with bushrangers near Narramine, in Warburton and Pugh-to capture him. New South Wales became infested by busbrangers after the discovery of a practicable route across the Blue Mountains opening up the interior, and there were several fights near Bathurst between the police and the bushrangers in 1826. Dr. Wardell was murdered by them in 1834, and Kennedy Hume in 1839. A gang of bushrangers in Port Phillip were captured in 1842 by a party of settlers. Bushranging differed from highway robbery, inasmuch as it was carried on by large gangs of men who attacked stations and isolated houses. The custom of the country precluded travellers from having about their persons large sums of money or valuables, payments being invariably made by cheque. The discovery of gold gave a great impetus to highway robbery 1866), Constable John Middleton, Serjeant A. B. Walker and Beauvais. None of the bushrangers evaded justice, and most of them met violent deaths. Frank Gardiner, the most daring and least bloodthirsty, after a long term of imprisonment, was pardoned and went to California; Peisley, Alex. and Charles Ross, Bobardy, Dunn, Burke, John and Thomas Clarke and Ned Kelly were hanged; Heather Cummings, J. Lowry, Burke, O'Meally, J. F. Lowry, Smith, Morgan Hall, Gilbert, Rielly, Connell, Dan Kelly, Hart, Byrne, and Ward (alias "Thunderbolt") were shot dead. The Kelly gang scorned ordinary robberies, and devoted themselves to banks and large stations. Their capture was under remarkable circumstances. After murdering a man whom they suspected of being (with or without violence) and murder a police spy, they took possession of throughout all the colonies; but there was no bushranging, properly so termed, until 1863, when an epidemic broke out in New South Wales. Later on it extended to Victoria, and was not finally put an end to until the death and capture of the Kelly gang in 1880. The modern bushrangers were generally natives of the colonies, good shots, intrepid horsemen, possessed of a thorough knowledge of the country, and more than a match in prowess, strength and skill for the police, with whom they had to contend. During this period 27 bushrangers were shot or hanged, 20 persons were murdered by bushrangers, and 31 policemen were killed or wounded, of whom 13 died either at once or from the effect of the injuries they sustained. As much as £8000 was offered by the Governments of New South Wales and Victoria for the capture of the Kelly gang. Some of the bushrangers showed great ferocity. Four special constables were shot dead in cold blood at Jindera, N.S.W., by Clarke's gang, and a serjeant and two troopers were murdered by the Kelly gang in the Wombat ranges, near Mansfield, Victoria. Medals were awarded in New South Wales for conspicuous acts the small village of Glenrowan, on the North-Eastern railway, between Wangaratta and Benalla, kept all the inhabitants prisoners, and compelled some platelayers to take up a number of rails, believing that special trains laden with all the available police in the district would be sent to the scene of the murder, and by the removal of the rails would be wrecked. The gang, who were clad in armour made from ploughshares, intended to shoot any survivors from the railway accident; and it is believed that their scheme was, when all the police in the neighbourhood were hors de combat, to attack a bank at Benalla. Luckily one of their prisoners got away, stopped the special train, and thereby saved the lives of the police by whom it was filled. The bushrangers retreated into the village inn, which they defended for some time; but eventually three of them were shot, and their ringleader, Edward Kelly, captured and eventually hanged. Busselton, W.A., on the Vasse river, is the capital of the rich but small agricultural district of the Vasse, 30 miles S. of Bunbury, 142 miles from Perth. Large forests of jarrah abound in the vicinity, and coal has lately been found by a Ballarat company, is now closed. Population 298. of bravery to Robert Lowe, of Mudgee, at the Donnelly. A railway, from the Henry Bayliss, Police-magistrate, David neighbourhood ourhood into the forest, constructed Campbell, J.P., H. M. Keightley, Policemagistrate, William Macleay, and Crown Lands Commissioner Grenfell (who was fatally wounded after a desperate fight Bustard Bay, Qd., south of Port Curtis, was discovered and named by CaptainCook. Buxton, Vict. An agricultural and pastoral township 66 miles N.E. from Melbourne, on the river Stephenson, and on the road between Maryville and Alexandra, 7 miles from the former and 20 miles from the latter. Population 100. Byaduk, Vict. A town in an agricultural and grazing district on Scott's creek, 15 miles from Hamilton, and 225 miles S.W. from Melbourne. Population, with district, 500. Byerstown, Qd. A police camp at the head of the Palmer river, 75 miles S.W. of Cooktown, and 1110 miles from Brisbane. The Normanby diggings are a few miles distant on the Cooktown road. Byrock, N.S.W. A railway station on the western line from Sydney to Bourke, 455 miles W. of Sydney, and 60 from Bourke. Population 200. Byron, Cape, N.S.W. The most easterly point of Australia; is about 30 miles S. of Point Danger on the Queensland border. Caboolture, Qd. An agricultural town 32 miles N. of Brisbane, on the N. bank of Caboolture river, and station on the North Coast railway. There is also a station at Morayfield, on the S. side of the river. Population, with district, 18,591. Caboolture River, Qd. A small stream falling into Moreton Bay. Cadell, Francis, the first person to prove that the river Murray was commercially navigable, was born at Cockenzie, near Preston Pans, Haddingtonshire, in 1822, and educated at Edinburgh C demonstrated that the river was navigable for steamers of sufficient size to take a considerable cargo. Subsequently he navigated the Murrumbidgee, Edward and Darling; but his enterprise was not commercially successful. A gold candelabrum was presented to Capt. Cadell by the settlers along the banks of the rivers, and the South Australian Legislature presented him with a medal designed by Wyon and struck in his honour. Later Capt. Cadell commanded several large steamers on the Australian coast, and afterwards traded to the Northern Terri and in Germany. Was midshipman on | tory, New Zealand and the South Sea Islands. Finally he commenced operations as a pearl fisher in the Arifura Sea, and sailed on Sept. 24th, 1878, for New Guinea. He was never heard of again, and it is supposed that he and his crew were murdered by the savages. Cadell, N.S.W. A new county in the Murray opposite Echuca; intersected by the railway from Moama to Deniliquin, and contains the town of Moama. Caira, N.S.W. A new county in the south-west district, N. of the Murray, and intersected by that river. board an East Indiaman, took part in the first Chinese war, and was present at the siege of Canton and the capture of Amoy and Ningpo; commanded a merchantman when only twenty-two, and studied shipbuilding at the Tyne and Clyde; studied river navigation in the Amazon, and subsequently investigated the practicability of navigating the Murray and its tributaries, and set himself to gain the reward of £4000 offered by Sir Henry Young, the Governor of South Australia, for the first steamer which should successfully navigate the Cairns, Qd. A port 900 miles N.W. of Murray. In 1852 he embarked at Swan Brisbane, on Trinity Bay, at the mouth of Hill in a frail boat with canvas sides and Trinity inlet, in a sugar district, and with ribs of barrel hoops, and descended the the Mulgrave goldfields and the Wild stream to Lake Alexandrina, a distance River, Herberton, tin-mine in the neighof 1300 miles, having thus repeated the bourhood, and is the present outlet for the experiment of Capt. Sturt in 1829, except Hodgkinson, Croydon and Etheridge gold that he had brought his nautical know mines. Steamers of medium draught can ledge to bear in learning about depths come to the wharves; large quantities of and currents. He took the Lady Augusta bananas and pineapples are shipped to into the Murray from its sea-mouth, and the south. Cairns is the terminus of the railway towards Herberton. Average rainfall 117 inches per annum. Population 7024. Newspapers: Cairns Post, Cairns Argus, and Cairns Times. Caledon Bay (Northern Territory), S.A. A bay on the western shores of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Callawadda, Vict. A pastoral township on Richardson river, 191 miles N.W. from Melbourne. Glenorchy and Rupanyup are the nearest railway stations. Population, with district, 200. Callington, S.A. A town on Bremer creek, 36 miles S.E. of Adelaide, on the overland railway to Melbourne. Wheat and barley are grown in the district; copper also abounds. Population 150. Calliope, Qd. A goldfield and postal centre between Calliope and Boyne rivers, 329 miles N.W. of Brisbane and 17 miles N.E. from the port of Gladstone. Population, with district, 380. Calliope River, Qd., rises in the coast range and flows into Port Curtis. Caltowie, S.A. A town and railway station on the line from Port Pirie to Petersburg, 44 miles from Port Pirie, 184 miles N. of Adelaide. Population, with district, 855. Camberwell, Vict. A suburb 5 miles E. of Melbourne, and a station on the Box Hill line. Cambewarra, N.S.W. A town on the road from Shoalhaven to Moss Vale, on the Good Dog creek, 22 miles S. of Sydney. Population, with district, 550. Cambooya, Qd. A post town and railway station on the Warwick and Toowoomba line, 124 miles S.W. of Brisbane, on Hodgson's creek. Population 50. Cambridge, N.Z. A town in an agricultural country on the Waikato river, at the head of navigation, 101 miles S.E. of Auckland, to which there is communication by rail. Population 1020. Newspaper, Waikato News. Cambridge Gulf, W.A., near the boundary of the Northern Territory of South Australia, between Capes Dussejour and Domett, is 28 miles wide at its entrance; was explored and named by King in 1819. The gulf receives the waters of the river Ord. Camden, N.S.W. One of the old counties on the sea-coast; intersected by the Southern railway from Menangle to the neighbourhood of Marulan, and the Illawarra line to Shoalhaven; contains the towns of Wollongong, Camden, Sutton, Forest, Moss Vale, Kiama, and Shoalhaven. Camden, N.S.W. One of the oldest settlements in the colony, in the centre of a district suited for vine culture, on the river Nepean, 41 miles S. W. from Sydney; communication by tramway to Campbelltown, 7 miles distant, thence by railway. Population, with district, 3600. Newspaper, Camden Times. Camden Haven, N.S.W. A bay S. of Port Macquarie. Camels. The first camels brought to Australia were shipped by a Parsee firm from Aden, and were purchased by Mr. George Coppin. These, and others obtained in India, were first used by the party which went in search of Burke and Wills. They are now common in the central and northern districts of South Australia. Campania, Tas. A town in an agricultural and pastoral district, and railway station, 5 miles from Richmond, 28 miles from Hobart by rail: much less in a direct line. Campaspe, Vict. A river which rises in the Dividing range between Mount Macedon and Mount Blackwood, flows past Kyneton, and empties itself into the Murray, near Echuca, after a course of 152 miles. Campaspe, Vict. A town in an agricultural district, 132 miles N. of Melbourne. Elmore is the nearest railway station. Population 500. Campbell, Cape, N.Z. A cape on the east coast of the South Island, province of Marlborough, and near the E. entrance to Cook's Strait. Campbellfield, Vict. An agricultural village on the Merri Merri creek, 10 miles N. of Melbourne; a station on the suburban line from Melbourne to Somerton. Population 200. Campbell Island. Area, 45,440 acres; is 180 miles S.E. of the Auckland Isles, has good harbours, and is less wooded than the Aucklands, but with similar vegetation; was chosen in 1874 by French astronomers for the observation of the transit of Venus; is the antipodes of a point off the west coast of Ireland, about 30 miles W. of the mouth of the Shannon. Campbell's Creek, Vict. A mining town on Campbell's creek, 81 miles N.W. of Melbourne; Castlemaine, 3 miles, is the nearest railway station. Population 600. Campbellton, N.Z. A settlement on Oroua creek, 8 miles from Sanson and 108 miles from Wellington. Population 100. Campbelltown, N.S.W. One of the early settlements of the colony, situated in an agricultural district; connected with Sydney, 34 miles S. W., by the Great Southern line of railway. Population 800. Local newspaper, Campbelltown Herald. Campbelltown was named by Governor Mасquarie in 1820, and the first circuit court was opened by Chief Justice Forbes in 1839. Campbelltown, N.Z. A port at the entrance to Bluff Harbour, connected by the railway passing through Invercargill and Kingston, and thence to Dunedin and Christchurch. The first and last port of call for the Melbourne steamers. The harbour is accessible at all times of the tide, and there is wharf accommodation for vessels of any tonnage; water has been laid on for shipping, and there is a powerful steam tug. Population 520. Campbelltown, S.A. A small postal township on the river Torrens, 5 miles E. from Adelaide. Population, with district, 1500. S. of Cowper, and intersected by the Western railway. Candelo, N.S.W. A town in an important dairying district on the Candelo creek, 258 miles S. of Sydney, and 14 miles S.W. of Bega, on the Monaro road. Upper Tarago, on the Goulburn and Cooma, is the nearest railway station. Population 500. Local newspaper, Candelo and Eden Union. Cannibal Creek, Qd. A tin mining locality in the Palmer district, opened in 1882. Canning, W.A. A small postal township 12 miles from Perth. Cannonbar, N.S.W. in a pastoral district, on miles N.W. of Sydney. Western line, is the station. Population 100. A postal station Duck creek, 330 Nyngan, on the nearest railway Canowindra, N.S.W. A township in an agricultural, pastoral and mining country, on the Belabula river, 20 miles from Cowra, on the loop line from Blayney to Murrumburrah, and 223 miles W. from Sydney. Population, with district, 540. Canterbury, Provincial District of, N.Z. Founded in 1850 by a Church of England association; occupies the centre of the Southern Island; extends from the Southern Alps to the ocean on the east coast, and is bounded on the E. by the sea, on the N. by Nelson, on the W. by Westland, and on the S. by Otago; has an area of 8,693,027 acres, of which 2,500,000 are plains; has a coast line of 200 miles, Campbelltown, Tas. A town on the Elizabeth river, 91 miles N. from Hobart and 42 S.E. from Launceston; a station on the Main line of railway. The neighbourhood is well adapted for grazing, and a large number of merino sheep are raised for stud purposes, and exported to the neighbouring colonies. General sessions. Population of district 2200. is 200 miles long and 150 broad. The Camperdown, N.S.W. A western suburb of Sydney, 3 miles N. of the city, on the Parramatta and Cook's river roads. Popu. lation 3000. The University of Sydney, the Colleges of St. Paul and St. John, and the Prince Alfred Hospital, are here. Camperdown, Vict. Chief town of the county of Hampden, in a pastoral and agricultural district at the foot of Mount Leura, on the main road from Geelong to Warrnambool, 123 miles from Melbourne, 78 miles from Geelong; connected by a line of railway with Melbourne, via Colac. County courts are held here. Population 2000. Local newspaper, Camperdown Chronicle. Cam River, Tas. A small river falling into Bass Strait, W. of Emu Bay. Canbeligo, N.S.W. A new county due plains are well adapted for sheep, and the rich soil in the southern part of the province yields good crops; is watered by the Hurunni, Ashley, Waimakariri, Rakaia, Ashburton, Avon, Heathcote, Selwyn and Waitaki; is intersected by the railway to Dunedin and Culverden, and contains the city of Christchurch, and the towns of Lyttelton, Timaru, Kaiapoi, Rangiora, Oxford, Waimate and Akaroa. Coal has been found in several places, and the province contains good beds of clay and iron-ore. Canterbury is the Anglican see of the province, and the bishop is primate of New Zealand. The number of holdings were, in 1889, 7246; land under crop, 558,273 acres, of which 239,527 were under wheat, produce, 5,487,902 bushels; oats, 132,880 acres, produce, 3,607,244 bushels; bar ley, 18,477 acres, produce, 528,520 to high positions. A memorial tablet bushels; potatoes, 6606 acres, produce, to his memory has been erected is St. 36,164 tons; hay, 35,568 acres, produce, 58,476 tons. The live stock returns were: horses, 43,504; cattle, 111,158; sheep, 4,958,560. Total land alienated, 3,674,975 acres, for £6,068,947. Canterbury, N.S.W. A suburb 6 miles S. of Sydney, on Cook's river. Nearest railway station, Ashfield. Population of district 200. Canterbury Plains, N.Z. A large dis Andrew's Cathedral. Cape Borda, S.A., is a lighthouse station on the N.W. coast of Kangaroo Island and a telegraph signal station for English mail steamers, 198 miles from Adelaide. Capella, Qd. An agricultural township and station on the Clermont railway, 33 miles from Emerald and 197 miles N. from Rockhampton. Population 170. trict in the Southern Island, extending Capertee, N.S.W. A railway station from the sea-board at Banks Peninsula, and extending to the Southern Alps. The natural pastures are the best in New Zealand, and they form the great sheep district of the colony. on the line to Mudgee, 22 miles from Wallerawang Junction and 127 miles W. of Sydney. Population 50. Capeville, Qd., is a mining and pastoral locality on the Cape river, 870 miles N. W. of Brisbane, 59 miles from Charters Towers, 141 miles from Townsville, and is 6 miles from the township of Pentland, on the Northern railway. Population 20. Capital Punishment was at one time frequently inflicted in New South Wales, but in 1833 it was abolished for forgery, cattle-, horse- and sheep-stealing, and stealing in a dwelling-house property above £5 in value. In 1821 nineteen prisoners were executed at Sydney at one time. Capital punishment is still inflicted in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, not only for murder, but for attempts at murder, rape and unnatural offences. In the other colonies the English law prevails. Cape, William Timothy. Born at Walworth, near London, Oct. 25th, 1806, educated at Merchant Taylors' School, where he obtained considerable proficiency in his studies. Accompanied his father, William Cape, resident manager of Brown, Cobb & Co., bankers of Lombard Street, to Sydney in 1821, and assisted him in opening and managing a private school, called the Sydney Academy. The elder Mr. Cape was afterwards appointed master of the Sydney public school in Castlereagh Street, and Mr. W. T. Cape assistant master. Subsequently the latter became head master, and received the highest encomiums from Archdeacon Scott, then King's Visitor. Subsequently, in 1830, he opened a private school in King Street, under the patronage of Archdeacon Scott, and subsequently of Bishop Broughton. Eventually he transferred his pupils to Sydney College, of which he was appointed head master. Subsequently, in 1842, he resigned that position, and opened a private school at Glenmore Road, Paddington, which he kept till 1856. Was elected member of the Legislative Assembly for Wollombi, was commissioner of National Education, a Magistrate of the Territory, a Fellow of St. Paul's Belabula river, 150 miles W. of Sydney College, chairman of Debating Society and 33 miles from Bathurst. Gold is at School of Arts, and Vice-President of that Institute. In 1855 he revisited Europe, and returned to New South Wales in 1856. In 1860 he again went to Europe, and died in 1863. Mr. Cape was one of the most competent and successful teachers in New South Wales, and he trained many of the young men who subsequently rose Capricorn, Cape, Qd. A headland on the Pacific, near the mouth of the Fitzroy and at the extreme point of Curtis Island, through which the Tropic of Capricorn passes. Caramut, Vict. A pastoral township on Muston's creek, 35 miles from Warrnambool, 160 miles W. from Melbourne, and 33 miles from Wickliffe Road, the nearest railway station. Population 200. Carcoar, N.S.W. An agricultural township and railway station on the found in the vicinity. Population, with district, 7650. Newspaper, Carcoar Chronicle. Cardigan, Vict. A parish in co. Grenville, almost on the highest point of the watershed, 106 miles N.W. of Melbourne and 6 from Ballarat. Nearest railway station Windermere, 3 miles. |