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of the colony; bounded on the N. and E. by New South Wales, on the W. by Tambo, and on the S. by the Pacific Ocean, and watered by the Snowy river and its tributaries, by the Tamboon and the Brodribb. Crofton, N.Z. A small settlement on the Tatunui river, between Martin and Bulls: 3 miles from the former place, 36 miles S. from Wanganui, and 133 miles from Wellington.

Croki, N.S.W. A small village in an agricultural district, 8 miles from Harrington Inlet, 205 miles N. of Sydney, on the Manning river. Steamers run weekly to Sydney. Croki is the great emporium for oysters, and a very important shipping place. Population 600.

Cromwell, N.Z. The chief town of the Kawarau district, the centre of the most important mining district in the province; is situated at the junction of the two largest rivers in Otago-Clutha and Kawarau-140 miles N.W. of Dunedin, with which there is rail communication, via Lawrence and Queenstown, on alternate days. Its reefs are an important feature. Bendigo, 15 miles N.E., and Carrick, 7 miles S. from Cromwell, are reefing localities. Population, with district, 3740. Local paper, Cromwell Argus.

Crookwell, N.S.W. A town in an agricultural district on the Crookwell river, 156 miles S.W. of Sydney, and 30 miles N.W. from Goulburn, the nearest railway station. Population 950. Newspaper, Crookwell Gazette.

Crossley, Vict. A town 175 miles W. of Melbourne, and 13 miles from Warrnambool, situated in a rich agricultural district on the road from Koroit to Belfast.

Crossover Diggings, Vict. A mining township in North Gippsland, 76 miles E. from Melbourne. Nearest railway station, Sale or Warragul. Population 50. Crowlands, Vict. An agricultural town 148 miles N.W. of Melbourne. Nearest railway station, Avoca. Population 70.

Crow's Nest, Qd. A township in a pine forest district, and railway station on Cressbrook creek, the head of the Brisbane river, 135 miles N.W. from Brisbane. Population, with district, 200.

Croydon, N.S.W. A rapidly extending suburb of Sydney, with railway station 6 miles W. of Sydney.

Croydon, Qd. A gold-mining township 100 miles E. of Normanton, near the

Gulf of Carpentaria, with which it will shortly be connected by railway, 36 miles of which are open. Communication is at present by railway from Townsville to Hughendon, and thence by coach. The Croydon is one of the most promising of the northern goldfields, the principal lines of reef being the Iguana, the Croydon Queen, Highland Mary, Caledonian, Harp of Erin, True Blue, Glengarry, Happy Jack, Rising Sun, Mountain Maid, King of Croydon. Population of field 3400. Newspapers, Golden Age and Mining News.

Crystal Brook, S.A. A town and railway station on the Port Pirie and Terowie line, 141 miles N. of Adelaide. Population, with district, 1277.

Cudal, N.S.W. An agricultural town on the Boree creek, 209 miles W. of Sydney. Nearest railway station, Orange. Population 300.

Cudgee, Vict. A township 158 miles S.W. of Melbourne, on Cudgee creck, 20 miles from Terang, from which place there is rail communication with Melbourne, via Camperdown. Population 300.

Cudgegong, N.S.W. A mining township on the Cudgegong river, 59 miles N.W. from Hartley, 23 miles S.E. from Mudgee, and 145 miles N.W. of Sydney. Nearest railway station, Capertee, on the Mudgee line. Gold, iron, copper and coal are found in the district. Population 150.

Cudgewa, Vict. A postal village 259 miles N.E. of Melbourne. Nearest railway station, Wodonga (70 miles).

Culcairn, N.S.W. A township and railway station on the Southern line, 356 miles S. of Sydney and 30 from Albury.

Culgoa, N.S.W. A new county on the Queensland border, W. of the Culgoa river.

Cullarin Range, N.S.W. A portion of the Great Dividing range. Highest peak Mundoonen, 3000 feet.

Cullenbone, N.S.W. A town on Cudgegong river, 303 miles W. of Sydney. Population 1000.

Cullenswood, Tas. A station on the Fingal branch railway, 44 miles from the Conara, on the Main line, and 3 miles from St. Mary's, the terminus.

Cumberland, N.S.W. The metropolitan county; intersected by all the railways which start from Sydney, which is its chief town.

Cumberland, Qd. A mining township S.E. of Croydon, near the Gilbert river. The Cumberland prospecting claim and the Cumberland Mining Companies are on the Cumberland reef, the others being the Jubilee, the Brandy Hot and Three Jacks. In the neighbourhood are some farms on which maize and potatoes are grown. Population 380.

Cumberland, Tas. A county in the centre of the island; watered by the Derwent, Ouse and Dee; coal has been found. Area, 553,000 acres.

Cumberland Disease. A malady which attacked cattle in the country around Sydney in the year 1851, and especially in the county of Cumberland.

Cundletown, N.S.W. A township in an agricultural district on the Manning river, 16 miles from the ocean, 4 miles below Taree, and 199 miles from Sydney, with which it has communication by steamer. Hexham, on the Northern line, is the nearest railway station. Population

300.

Cunnamulla, Qd. A town in a grazing district on the Warrego river, 560 miles W. from Brisbane. Charleville is the nearest railway station. Boring has resulted in a plentiful supply of water, estimated at 22,500 gallons per hour, being struck at a depth of 1402 feet. Opals have been found in the neighbourhood. The Southern District Court is held here, and there is a customs station and bonded store. Population, with district, 1750. Newspaper, Cunnamulla Argus.

in 1839, his health having been entirely broken by the hardships he had sustained in his various explorations. To Allan Cunningham the world owes its first knowledge of the botany of Australia. Cunningham, N.S.W. A new county in the centre of the colony, N. of the Lachlan and W. of the town of Forbes.

Curr, Edward, first manager of the Van Diemen's Land Company, on Circular Head; member of the first Legislative council of Van Diemen's Land; an early colonist of Victoria; a leading member of the Roman Catholic Church; and a warm advocate for separation from New South Wales. His son was the author of the standard book on the aborigines of Australia; and one of his daughters married Mr. H. F. Gurner, first Crown Solicitor of Victoria.

Curramulka, S.A. A town 129 miles W. of Adelaide. Communication is by coach, via Moonta. Population, with district, 515.

Currency. English money has always been current in all parts of Australasia; but in the early days many foreign coins were in circulation, and the following scale of values was issued by Governor King, in 1800:-A guinea, £1 28.; a Johannes, £4; a half Johannes, £2; a ducat, 9s. 6d.; a gold mohur, £1 178. 6d.; a pagoda, 8s.; a Spanish dollar, 58.; a rupee, 2s. 6d.; a Dutch guelder, 2s.; an English shilling, 1s. 1d.; a copper coin of one ounce, 2d. Five shilling promissory notes were issued, and a piece cut out of the centre of the Spanish dollar, called

Cunningham, Allan. A distinguished the dump, was allowed to circulate for botanist and explorer; born at Wimble- 1s. 3d., the remaining portion of the the scene of the great rush of gold miners in 1858. The township here is named Gladstone.

don, Surrey, 1791; was trained at Kew Gardens; visited South America and Sydney as collector of botanical specimens in 1814. In 1817 accompanied Mr. Oxley to explore the Lachlan, and subsequently Captain King in voyages to the east, west and north coasts of Australia. Crossed the Blue Mountains in 1822, explored the Liverpool Plains in 1823 and the Brisbane river in 1824. Visited New Zealand in 1826, and discovered Darling Downs 1827. Explored parts of New South Wales and Queensland same year; visited Norfolk Island in 1830, and went to England in 1831. Returned to Australia in 1836 as Colonial Botanist, but resigned in 1837. Visited New Zealand in 1838, and died at Sydney

dollar being valued at 58. All these expedients were abandoned in 1829, when a large quantity of British coin arrived. For many years £1 notes were in circulation, to the almost exclusion of gold; and promissory notes for small amounts, payable on demand, were current throughout Australasia. After the discovery of gold and the establishment of mints at Sydney and Melbourne gold coin became more plentiful; but notes of the local banks are still the usual circulating medium. The issue of small promissory notes and copper tokens, once very common, has entirely ceased; but payments are still made by cheque to a much greater extent than is the case in Great Britain.

Currency Creek, S.A. A postal village and railway station on Currency Creek, 52 miles S. of Adelaide. Population 70. Currency Lads and Lasses. A term formerly applied to the native-born population of New South Wales, but now abandoned.

Curtis Island, Qd. An island in the Pacific at the mouth of the Fitzroy, through which the Tropic

passes.

Cust, N.Z. A town and railway station on the Rangiora and Oxford line, on the river Cust, 33 miles N.W. of Christchurch. Population 290.

Customs. Every Australian colony collects the customs duties at its various

of Capricorn ports imposed by the local legislature;

Curtis Island, Tas., in Bass's Straits, S. of Wilson's Promontory, is at its south end 1060 feet high, but slopes away to the north in the form of a shoe.

Curtis, Port, Qd., to the S. of Keppel Bay, discovered by Flinders in 1802, was

and there are inland custom-houses which collect revenues for goods, and in some cases for cattle, passing across the borders of one colony into another.

Custon, S.A. A town and railway station on the Kingston and Border Town line, 196 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 14 miles S.E. of Border Town.

D

Dalby, Qd. A town in a sheep-grazing district and station on the Western railway, on the Darling Downs and Myall Creek, 1123 feet above the sea-level, 152 miles by rail W. of Brisbane, and 130 miles from Ipswich. District court is beld here. Population, with district, 1378. Local paper, Dalby Herald.

Dalhousie, S.A. A county with an area of 1230 square miles, in the northern portion of the settled districts; intersected by the railway from Petersburg to Carrietown, and Petersburg to Cockburn. Dalhousie, Vict. One of the old counties; area 1310 square miles; bounded on the N. by Rodney, on the W. by Talbot and part by Bendigo, on the S. by Bourke, from which it is separated by mountains, and on the E. by Anglesey; is intersected by the railways from Macedon towards Castlemaine, and from Carlsruhe towards Daylesford, from Heathcote towards Sandhurst, and from Kilmore towards Seymour; is watered by the Goulburn, Campaspe, Coliban, McIvor, Mount Ida, Wild Duck Creek, and their

tributaries; contains the towns of Kyneton, Kilmore, Heathcote, Carlsruhe, Woodend, Malmesbury and Taradale, Population 21,343.

Dalkey, S.A. A postal station 80 miles N.E. of Adelaide, communication with which is by way of Port Wakefield. Population, with district, 1000.

Dalmorton, N.S.W. A mining centre 343 miles N. of Sydney. The communication is by coach from Grafton, or via Uralla. Glen Innes is the nearest railway station. Population, with district, 250.

Dalrymple, Qd. A pastoral village on the Burdekin river, 75 miles S.W. from Townsville, 25 miles N.W. from Charters Towers, and 830 miles N.W. from Brisbane. Near here is the wonderful basaltic wall, covering nearly 70 miles. It is of volcanic formation, and is one of the greatest natural curiosities on the Australian continent. Population 30.

Dalrymple, Mount, Qd. A peak a few miles N. of Mackay, with an elevation of

4250 feet.

Dalrymple Port, Tas., discovered by Ross and Flinders in 1798, is the entrance to the Tamar river, and was named by Governor Hunter after Alex. Dalrymple, the hydrographer to the Admiralty, who had made many researches into the early discovery of Australasia, and gave the name of Torres to the straits which that

navigator was the first to penetrate.

Dalton, Dalton, N.S.W. A township in an agricultural district on the Oolong creek, 2 miles above its confluence with the Jerrawa creek, 4 miles from the Gunning railway station, and 163 miles S.W. of Sydney. Population, with district, 120. Daly, S.A. A county with an area of

1658 square miles to the N. of Yorke's Peninsula, with frontage to Spencer's Gulf; intersected by the railways from Port Wakefield to Wallaroo, and from Kadina to Snowtown; towns, Wallaroo, Kadina, Moonta and Port Broughton.

Daly River (Northern Territory), S.A. A large stream flowing to Anson Bay, and is identical with the Katharine, which was traced for 240 miles; is navigable for large boats for 100 miles, has deep water, and subject to bores which rise five or six feet.

Daly Waters (Northern Territory), S.A. A station on the Overland Telegraph, 1605 miles from Adelaide.

Dampier, William, buccaneer and navigator, born at East Coker, Somerset, 1652. Made a voyage to Newfoundland in 1670; went before the mast to the East Indies, and in 1673 entered the navy. Sailed in 1683 from Virginia to South America in a privateer commanded by Captain Cook. Doubled Cape Horn; took prizes on the

coasts of Chili and Peru. Cook died at Cape Blanco, and Dampier went to Mexico, and thence to the Philippine Islands. Sailed to the coast of New Holland, and sighted Cape Lévêque, in Western Australia, near the Buccaneer Archipelago. Returned to the Nicobar Islands, where Dampier was put ashore, and made his way to Sumatra, and thence to England in 1691, where he wrote an account of his voyage round the world. Sailed for New Holland in 1699, in command of the Roebuck. Sighted Dirk Hartog's Island, off Sharks' Bay, in lat. 26° S., sailed N.E., and remained for twelve days at Dampier's Archipelago. Afterwards visited New Guinea and New Britain. On the voyage home the ship sprang a leak; he ran her ashore at Ascension, and arrived at England in 1701. Again visited the South Seas in 1703 and 1708, returning to England in 1711. Nothing is known about his subsequent life or place of death.

Dampier, N.S.W. A new county on the Pacific coast in the S.E. of the colony, lying between the coast range and the sea; watered by the Turon river, and containing the town of Bodalla.

Dandaloo, N.S.W. A township on the Bogan river, 360 miles W. of Sydney. Trangie is the nearest railway station. Population 100.

and market gardening district, and railway station on the Gippsland line, on Dandenong Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Melbourne, and 9 miles N. from Fern Tree Gully. County court every month, and is now lighted with gas. The state forest is close by. Population, with district, 2450. Newspapers, Dandenong Advertiser and South Bourke and Mornington Journal,

Dandenong Ranges, Vict. A range of mountains E. of Melbourne, to the N. of which the Yarra flows, and in which rise several small streams.

Dangin, W.A. A postal receiving station 30 miles E. of York, and 93 from Perth. There are several large sheep and cattle stations in this district.

Dannevirke, N.Z. A Danish settlement established in 1872, in a timber and pastoral district, and station on the line from Napier to Wellington, on the Manawatu creek, 83 miles from Napier and 1 mile from Tahoraite. Population 400. Newspaper, Bush Advocate.

Dapto, N.S.W. A village in a dairyfarming district, with coal abounding in the neighbouring Illawarra range, on the south side of Mullet creek, 74 miles S. of Sydney. The communication is by rail or by steamer to Wollongong. Population, with district, 400.

Dardanup, W.A. A farming settlement 12 miles E. of Bunbury, and 124 miles S.

of Perth.

Dargalong, Vict. A town in a pastoral and agricultural district on the Muddy creek, 87 miles N.E. of Melbourne, 2 miles from the river Goulburn, and 5 miles from Murchison. Nagambie is the nearest railway station. Population, with district, 592.

Dargaville, N.Z. A township at the head of the deep-water navigation of the Northern Wairoa river. Nearest railway station, Helensville, on the Auckland and Helensville line, to which steamers ply regularly. A railway goes up the Kaihu valley, and taps a fine Kauri forest, which abounds in gum. Population 600. Newspaper, Northern Advertiser.

Dandenong, Vict. A town in a farming

Dargo, Vict. One of the new counties; area, 1744 square miles; part of Gippsland; bounded on the N. by Bogong, on the W. by Wonnangatta, on the S.W. by Tangil, and the E. and S.E. by Tambo; watered by the Tambo, the Mitchell and

its tributaries, the Wentworth, Dargo, and Lake King. Population 4221.

Darling, Lieut.-General Ralph, Governor of New South Wales from Dec. 19th,

distance of from 10 to 20 miles from the ocean; the highest peak is not more than 1500 feet high.

From

the Darling, and is navigable for steamers of light draught in ordinary seasons.

Darlingford, Vict. A township in an agricultural and pastoral district on the river Goulburn, 122 miles N.E. of Mel

Darling River, N.S.W., was discovered 1825, to Oct. 21st, 1831; dismissed con- by Sturt on Feb. 4th, 1829; rises in victs and emancipists from the public Queensland; is called the Barwon when service; great impetus given to squatters it enters New South Wales. during his governorship; the Darling, Bourke to its junction with the Murray, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan and Murray a distance of 1000 miles, it is called rivers discovered; steam navigation first commenced; free grants of land abolished, and the auction system of selling land at an upset price of not less than five shillings per acre introduced. Sailed for Canton, and thence returned to England. General Darling was not popular, and resigned his patronage of the Turf Club in consequence of some insulting remarks made at the annual dinner in 1827; quarrelled with the press, and was impeached in the House of Commons for his tyranny and misgovernment. The impeachment was supported, amongst others, by Joseph Hume and Daniel O'Connell, in a debate which took place

in 1830; but nothing came out of the proceedings.

Darling, N.S.W. A pastoral district with an area of 50,000 square miles; includes the extreme south-west portion of the colony, and contains a large area of land well adapted for grazing.

Darling, N.S.W. One of the counties in New England, S. of Nandewar or Hardwicke ranges.

new

the

Darling Downs District, Qd. Lies due W. of Moreton Bay; has an area of 25,062 square miles; on the summit of the Dividing range at the boundary line of New South Wales; one of the best grassed districts, and contains a large extent of rich agricultural land, in which, owing to the high elevation, which is almost 2000 feet above the level of the sea, all the European crops and fruits can be grown. The district is watered by the Condamine, Weir, Moonie, and their tributaries, and is traversed by the Western, and on the E. by the Southern railway; contains the towns of Towoomba, Drayton, Warwick, Dalby, Condamine, Leyburn and Goondiwindi. The rocks in the N., E. and S. are carboniferous, and good coal is known to exist.

Darling Ranges, W.A. A range of hills in the south-west district, extending from S. to N. for about 300 miles, at a

bourne. Yea is the nearest railway station. Population 100.

Darlington, N.S.W. A suburb on the south-western boundary of Sydney. Population 2500.:

Darlington, Vict. A village on the Emu creck, 123 miles W. by S. of Melbourne,

14 miles from Mortlake N.E., and 18 from

Camperdown, the nearest railway station.
Population 90.

Darnum, Vict. A railway station on the Gippsland line, 65 miles E. of Melbourne.

Darra, Qd. This is a stopping-place on the Western railway line, 10 miles from Brisbane.

Darwin, C. R., F.R.S. The celebrated naturalist. Born at Shrewsbury, 1809. Was appointed naturalist to the Beagle in her voyages from 1831 to 1836, and visited Sydney twice.

Darwin, Port (Northern Territory), S.A., otherwise Palmerston, which see. Named after Charles Darwin, the celebrated naturalist.

Dashwood's Gully, S.A. A township in an agricultural and grazing district, 24 miles S. E. of Adelaide. Nearest railway station, Kangarilla.

Davey, Colonel. Second Lieut.-Governor of Tasmania. Was a colonel of marines. Held office from Feb. 4th, 1813, to April 9th, 1817. Very eccentric and capricious, but plain, open and generous; frequently stretched the law, which brought him into antagonism with the Governor-in-Chief, Colonel Macquarie, of New South Wales, but popular amongst the free population. Resigned his position and turned settler, but shortly afterwards returned to England. During the greater portion of the time he was Governor, Colonel Davey lived in a tent; and it

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