holders under Kellogg. They were therefore the north and west. Perceiving the gathdoomed to death. Six of them were seized ering of danger, Washington called a and carried away from their homes and council of war at his headquarters on murdered in cold blood. No one has been Harlem Heights, which was the deserted punished; and the conservative press of mansion of Roger Morris, who the State denounced all efforts to that ried Mary Phillipse (see WASHINGTON, end, and boldly justified the crime." The House on March 1, 1875, by a strict party vote, 155 Republicans to 86 Democrats, recognized the Kellogg government. The Senate did the same on March 5, by 33 to 23, also a party vote. White Mountains, in New Hampshire, covering 1,300 square miles in several short ranges. In the Presidential range tower the peaks of Mounts Washington, 6.286 feet; Adams, 5,819; Jefferson, 5,736; Madison, 5,381; Monroe, 5,396; Jackson, and others. They were called Waumbek Methna by the Indians, a name adopted by Whittier in his ballad of Mary Garvin: "From the heart of Waumbek Methna. Mount Washington has a carriage-road ascending its rocky slope to the summit. The first cog-rail mountain railway in the world was built to the summit in 1868-69, rising 3,730 feet in less than 3 miles, the steepest grade being 131⁄2 inches in a yard. White Plains, BATTLE AT. General Howe dared not attack the intrenched American camp on Harlem Heights, so he attempted to gain the rear of Wash WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT WHITE PLAINS. ington's army, and hem them in on the upper part of Manhattan Island. To do this he landed a considerable force at Throgg's Point, Westchester county, and sent armed ships up the Hudson to cut off supplies for the Americans by water from THE MORRIS HOUSE. mar GEORGE). Morris had espoused the cause of the crown, and fled from his mansion with his family. At that council, held Oct. 16, 1776, it was determined to extend the army beyond the King's Bridge into Westchester ing the strong work known as Fort Washcounty, abandoning the island, exceptington, on the highest point of the island. Arranged in four divisions, under Generals Lee, Heath, Sullivan, and Lin coln, the army concentrated at the vilage of White Plains, and formed an intrenched camp. The two armies were each about 13,000 strong. On the morning of Oct. 28, after a series of skirmishes, 1,600 men from Delaware and Maryland had taken post on Chatterton's Hill, a lofty eminence west of the Bronx. River, and to these General McDougall led reinforcements, with two pieces of cannon under Capt. Alexander Hamilton, and took the chief command there. Washington, with the rest of the army, was on the lower ground just north of the village. The British army advanced to the attack in two divisions, the right led by Sir Henry Clinton and the left by Generals De Heister and Erskine. Howe was with the latter. He had moved with great caution since his landing. Inclining his army to the left, he planted almost twenty CHATTERTON'S HILL, FROM THE RAILWAY STATION. field-pieces on the slope south of the village, and under cover of these a bridge was constructed, and British and German troops passed the Bronx and attacked the Americans on Chatterton's Hill. Hamilton's little battery made them recoil at first, but, being reinforced, they drove the Americans from their position. McDougall led his troops to Washington's camp, leaving the British in possession of the hill. Washington's breastworks were composed of corn-stalks covered rather hastily and lightly by earth; but they appeared SO formidable that Howe dared not attack them, but waited for reinforcements. Just as they appeared a severe storm of wind and rain set in. Washington perceiving Howe's advantage, withdrew under cover of darkness, in the night of Oct. 31, behind intrenchments on the hills of North Castle, towards the Croton River. Howe did not follow; but, falling back, encamped on the heights of Fordham. The loss of the Americans in the skirmishes on Oct. 26, and the battle on the 28th, did not exceed, probably, 300 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners; that of the British was about the same. Whitefield, GEORGE, clergyman; born in Gloucester, England, Dec. 16, 1714; was a religious enthusiast in very early life, fasting twice a week for thirtysix hours, and at the age of eighteen became a member of the club in which the denomination of Methodists took its rise. He became intimately associated in religious matters with John and Charles Wesley. In 1736 he was ordained deacon, and preached with such extraordinary effect the next Sunday that a complaint was made that he had driven fifteen persons mad. The same year the Wesleys accompanied Oglethorpe to Georgia, and in 1737 John Wesley invited Whitefield to join him in his work in America. He came in May, 1738; and after GEORGE WHITEFIELD. Mr. Whitefield was early accustomed to preach to large congregations assembled in the open air. He travelled and preached much in America. On Boston Common he addressed 20,000 people at one time, and was distinctly heard by all. Inde pendent in his theology, he did not entirely agree with anybody. Although he was active in the establishment of the Methodist denomination, he disagreed with Wesley on points of doctrine, and was finally an evangelist without the discipline of any denomination. Whitefield crossed the Atlantic many times, and made tours in America from Georgia to New Hampshire. In September, 1769, he started on his seventh tour there, and the day before his death he preached two hours at Exeter, N. H., and the same evening addressed a crowd in the open air at Newburyport. He died of asthma the next day in Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770, and was buried under the pulpit of the Federal Street Church in that town. Whitehouse, JAMES HORTON, designer; born in Staffordshire, England, Oct. 28, 1833; came to the United States and settled in New York; and since 1858 has been connected with Tiffany & Co., jewellers. He designed the vase presented to William Cullen Bryant, and other notable artistic productions in silver. Whitehouse, ROBERT TREAT, lawyer; born in Augusta, Me., March 27, 1870; graduated at Harvard University in 1891, and at Harvard Law School in 1893; was admitted to the bar in the same year; elected attorney for Cumberland county, Me., in September, 1900. He is the author of Equity Jurisdiction; Pleading and Practice in Maine; and Constitutional, Judicial, and Commercial Histories of Maine, in the History of the New England States (4 volumes). Whiteside, PETER, patriot; born in Puten, England, in 1752; settled in Philadelphia, where he became a prosperous merchant; advanced much of his wealth during the Revolutionary War to provide shoes for the American soldiers; and was sent by Washington to France to arrange for better trading facilities with the American colonies. In conjunction with his brother, William Whiteside, and Robert Morris, he sent to the East Indies the first merchant vessel from the Western Hemisphere to trade there. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in December. 1828. the founders of Guilford, Conn., in 1639. He returned to England in 1650, and was minister in Winchester, where he died in 1658. He wrote A Farther Discovery of the Present State of the Indians in New England, etc. Whitfield, HENRY, clergyman; born Whitehead, WILLIAM ADEE, historian; in England in 1597; received a university born in Newark, N. J., Feb. 19, 1810; be- education; admitted to the bar, and aftercame a surveyor and made a survey of wards took orders in the Church of EngKey West, Fla., in 1828; was United land; emigrated to New England and States customs collector there in 1830- settled in New Haven in 1637; was one of 38; then removed to New York and became a stock-broker. He was one of the founders of the Newark Library Association and was corresponding secretary of the New Jersey Historical Society from its establishment in 1845 till his death. He was the author of East Jersey Under Whiting, HENRY, military officer; born the Proprietary Governments; Papers of in Lancaster, Mass., about 1790; joined the Lewis Morris, Governor of New Jersey; army in 1808; promoted first lieutenant Analytical Index to the Colonial Docu- in 1811; was placed on the staff of Gen. ments of New Jersey, in the State Paper John P. Boyd, and afterwards on that of Office in England; Biographical Sketch of Gen. Alexander Macomb; promoted capWilliam Franklin; Contributions to the tain in 1817; was chief quartermaster Early History of Perth Amboy, etc. He of the army of General Taylor during the died in Perth Amboy, N. J., Aug. 8, 1884. Mexican War; won distinction at Buena Vista, in recognition of which he was brevetted brigadier-general, United States army, Feb. 23, 1847. His publications include Ontway, the Son of the Forest (a poem); Life of Zebulon M. Pike, in Sparks's American Biography; joint author of Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan, etc.; and editor of Washington's Revolutionary Orders Issued During the Years 1778, 1780, 1781, and 1782, Selected from the MSS. of John Whiting. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 16, 1851. Whiting, NATHAN, military officer; born in Windham, Conn., May 4, 1724; graduated at Yale College in 1743; became a merchant in New Haven in 1745; appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 2d Connecticut Regiment at the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1755; was with Col. Ephraim Williams when that officer was surprised by the French and Indians, and upon his death retreated with great coolness and skill; promoted colonel in 1756 and served to the close of the war. He died in New Haven, Conn., April 9, 1771. Whiting, WILLIAM HENRY, naval officer; born in New York City, July 8, 1843; graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1863; was with the West Gulf Squadron on the flag-ship Hartford in 1863-65; won distinction by burning the blockade-runner Ivanhoe, though defended by the guns of Fort Morgan, July 5. 1864; raised the American flag at the fall of Fort Gaines; was present during the action of Mobile Bay and at the capitulation of Fort Morgan; he was promoted captain, June 19, 1897; went to the Philippines in command of the Monadnock in 1898; was in command of the cruiser Charleston when the insurrection began in the islands; participated in the battles around Manila, and was present in the action at Caloocan. In May, 1899, he was placed in command of the Boston, which he took to San Francisco; and in March, 1900, took command of the receiving-ship Independence. Whiting, WILLIAM HENRY CHASE, military officer; born in Mississippi about 1825; graduated at West Point in 1845, entered the engineer corps, and in February, 1861. left the National army and entered the Confederate service, as chief engineer with the rank of major, in the Army of the Shenandoah, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. He was a brigadiergeneral in the battle of Bull Run, and was promoted major-general in 1863. He built Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, and was in command during both attacks upon it (see FISHER, FORT). He was severely wounded in its defence; was made prisoner by General Terry; and died of his wounds on Governor's Island, New York, March 10, 1865. Whitman, MARCUS, pioneer; born in Rushville, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1802; studied medicine, and was made a medical missionary to Oregon by the American board in 1834. After living in Oregon a number of years he discovered that the English were discouraging American emigrants from settling there, and were colonizing it with English settlers. Late in 1842 he set out for Washington, D. C., and arriving there in March, 1843, gave the government valuable information which led to extensive colonization on the part of Americans, and in all probability kept Oregon from falling into the hands of the British. He, his wife, two adopted children, and ten others were killed by the Indians in Waulatpu, Or., Nov. 29, 1847. Whitman, WALT, poet; born in West Hills, Long Island, N. Y., May 31, 1819; received a public school education; learned the printer's trade; taught school for a time; and later learned the carpenter's trade. During the Civil War he was a nurse in the Federal military hospitals; and was a government clerk in 1865-73. He was editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle; a contributor to the Democratic Review; established The Freedman in 1850; and wrote Drum Taps; Leaves of Grass, etc. He died in Camden, N. J., March 26, 1892. Whitmer, DAVID, Mormon; born in Harrisburg, Pa., Jan. 7, 1805; became a farmer in Ontario county, N. Y., in 1829. In June of that year he, together with Oliver Cowdery and Joseph Smith, went into a woods near his home to investigate the alleged discovery of the golden plates of the Book of Mormon. While praying in a quiet place these men claimed a bright light shone around them and an angel appeared with seven golden plates which they were commanded to examine. They were, moreover, enjoined to tell their experience to the world. This they did in in one volume; studied art in Europe for a statement appended to the Book of Mor- four years; and established herself in mon, where it is written that they, Boston in 1872. Among her works are "through the grace of God and our Lord statues of Samuel Adams, Lief Erikson, Jesus Christ, have seen the plates which etc., and busts of Ethiopia, Roma, etc. contain this record, which is the record Whitney, EDWARD BALDWIN, lawyer; of the people of Nephi." Mr. Whitmer born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 16, 1857; withdrew from the Mormon Church in graduated at Yale University in 1878; June, 1838, and removed to Richmond, admitted to the bar in 1880; was assistMo. His reasons for leaving that body ant Attorney-General of the United States are contained in a publication entitled in 1893-97, in which capacity he parAn Address to all Believers in Christ. ticipated in the argument on the incomeThese include, the creation of high priests tax case, the Debs trial, etc. In 1898 in 1831; the making public of many rev- he secured the first decision against a elations; the formation of a congrega- manufacturing monopoly under the fedtion of Danites in the Far West in 1838; the doctrine of polygamy, etc. He died in Richmond, Mo., Jan. 25, 1888. See MORMONS. Whitmore, WILLIAM HENRY, genealogist; born in Dorchester, Mass., Sept. 6, 1836; received a public school education, and engaged in business, devoting his spare time to historical research. His publications include The American Genealogist; Massachusetts Civil List, 16361774; Copp's Hill Epitaphs; History of the Old State House, etc. He also prepared the Laws of Adoption; Revision of the City Ordinances (with Henry W. Putnam); Report of the State Seal, etc. Whitney, ADDISON O., soldier; born in Waldo, Me., Oct. 30, 1839; became a mechanic in Lowell, Mass.; and joined the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. He accompanied the regiment on its march to the defence of the national capital, and while passing through Baltimore, Md., April 19, 1861, was killed during the attack on the regiment by the mob. LUTHER C. LADD (born in Alexandria, N. H., Dec. 22, 1843), also a mechanic in Lowell and a comrade of Whitney, fell in the same attack, pierced by several bullets. These were the first casualties in the National army in the Civil War. The commonwealth of Massachusetts and the city of Lowell caused the remains of the two "first martyrs" to be placed beneath an imposing monument of Concord granite, erected in Merrimac Square, Lowell, and dedicated June 17, 1865. Whitney, ANNE, sculptor; born in Watertown, Mass., in September, 1821; received a private school education; wrote a number of poems which were collected eral anti-trust law, in the trial of the Cast-Iron Pipe Trust. He is the author of The Advice and Consent of the Senate; Commercial Retaliation Between the States; Reciprocity Legislation; IncomeTax Decision; Federal Judges and Quasi Judges, etc. Whitney, ELI, inventor; born in Westboro, Mass., Dec. 8, 1765; graduated at Yale College in 1792; obtained a collegiate education largely by the earnings of his own hands. In the year of his graduation he went to Georgia, became an inmate of the family of Mrs. General Greene, and there invented his cotton-gin, which gave a wonderful impulse to the cultivation of the cotton-plant, rendering it an enormous item in the foreign and domestic commerce of the United States. The seeds of the cotton raised in the United States adhered so firmly to the fibre that it was difficult to separate them from it. The seeds were separated from the cotton-wool by the slow process of picking by hand, which was chiefly done by negro women and children. The separation of one pound of the wool from the seeds was regarded as a good day's work for one woman. So limited was the production on account of the labor that even high prices did not stimulate its culti vation, and the entire cotton crop in the United States in 1791 was only about 2,000,000 pounds. The following year Whitney accepted an invitation to teach the children of a Georgia planter. He arrived there too late, and the widow of General Greene, living near, gave the young stranger a home in her house. He displayed much inventive genius, which Mrs. Greene encouraged. |