from their Lending Library for Teachers. Now Ready. First and Second High School Courses (in One Vol.). Crown 8vo. Price 4s. 6d.; separately, 3s. 6d. each. ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC AND ENGLISH COMPOSITION BY G. R. CARPENTER PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ENGLISH COMPOSITION IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY New Bork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. All rights reserved. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introduction; II. Compositions; III. English Usage; IV. Incorrect English; V. The Sentence; its Grammatical Structure; VI. Punctuation; VII. The Sentence: its Rhetorical Structure; VIII. The Sentence: its Rhetorical Structure (continued); IX. Words: Vocabulary; X. Words: too Many; too Few; XI. Kinds of Words; XII. Paragraphs; XIII. The Whole Composition; XIV. Clearness; XV. Force; XVI. Elegance. APPENDIX I. List of Books for Home Reading; II. Words frequently mis used. INDEX. 108 Elements of Rhetoric [CHAP. VII. and may be at any moment withdrawn by him, a kind of equality may exist among all the subjects of the despot." [Periodic.] EXERCISE 33 In the passage quoted on pages 124-126, which sentences are loose and which periodic? 81. How to make a Loose Sentence Periodic.-The following examples will show how simple a matter it usually is to make a loose sentence periodic : LOOSE He had an unusually happy life, in spite of some grievous disappointments and bereave ments. He had taught himself how to be idle elegantly, but he had never planned how to earn his own living. I closed the door behind me softly and sped swiftly down the street. Still he pressed forward, waving his sword and cheering his soldiers to the attack, but a third shot lodged deep within his breast. Abandon your plan or comply with my wishes. The soldier was brave and he was discreet. PERIODIC In spite of some grievous disappointments and bereavements, he had an unusually happy life. Though he had taught himself how to be idle elegantly, he had never planned how to earn his own living. Closing the door behind me softly, I sped swiftly down the street. As he still pressed forward, waving his sword and cheering his soldiers to the attack, a third shot lodged deep within his breast. Either abandon your plan or comply with my wishes. The soldier was not only brave but discreet. from their Lending Library for Teachers. Now Ready. Extra Crown 8vo. Price 4s. 6d. EXERCISES IN RHETORIC AND ENGLISH COMPOSITION ADVANCED COURSE BY G. R. CARPENTER PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ENGLISH COMPOSITION IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE FIFTH EDITION New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. All rights reserved EXTRACT FROM PREFACE Two years ago I published a little book under the title of "Exercises in Rhetoric and English Composition," with the idea of presenting in a compact form (1) such theoretical matter as it seemed to me necessary for the young student of Rhetoric to have thoroughly in mind, and (2) material for practice of all sorts in applying the principles laid down in the text. That book, which was somewhat too elementary for college use, I have now enlarged and made more advanced in character, until it represents, to my mind, a body of instruction in Rhetoric suitable for the first semester or the first two terms of the Freshman year. If any other teacher should chance to make use of my work, he will perhaps be helped by noticing several peculiarities which it shows. First, I have said very little about "style." What a Freshman needs most of all is to write correctly, clearly, and with some vigour. Attempts to lay stress on individuality of style or on the element of beauty in the pupil's writing should, I think, be deferred until later in the course. Second, I have treated Rhetoric as an art, not as a science. The other point of view is natural and reasonable, but, it seems to me, appropriate only for more advanced students than those for whom I intend this book. Third, I have attempted to broaden the pupil's interest in the art of expression by making an occasional use of Latin, French, and German illustrations. Fourth, I have endeavoured throughout, not to expound the various principles on which I think the art of Rhetoric rests, but to propose a series of questions and problems which the instructor and his pupils may together discuss and solve. PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS SCHEME OF SUBJECT-MATTER CHAPTER I. The Art of Rhetoric; How Rhetoric may be Studied; ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN CORRECTINg Themes INDEX TO THE PASSAGES QUOTED From "Education."-" G. R. Carpenter, Professor of Rhetoric and English Composition in Columbia College, has prepared a work under the title of 'Exercises in Rhetoric and English Composition,' in which not so much the science of rhetoric is mapped out and defined as the practical workings of the art are furnished to the student with just enough of the principles to guide him aright. The author gives an abundance of exercises for the student to study and analyze, and this is the very best kind of help. The scheme of the subject-matter is somewhat unique and novel, but it is comprehensive and lucid. The book is almost exclusively confined to consideration of the elements of style,-words, sentences, paragraphs, whole compositions, Other than students in college will find this a very serviceable and suggestive book to read and consult." CHAP. IX.] Coherence 145 intending to purchase to allow us the privilege of trying on a pair; to see and feel this Shoe upon the foot, is to make a customer for us. [Unnecessary changes of construction.] (d) Henry Smith, attorney for the Merrimac valley navigation company, stated in behalf of that company the objections to the proposed buoy, and the construction of a fender pier was strenuously advocated by him. [Unnecessary change of subject.] EXERCISE IX. I. Notice, in the following extract from the preface to Arnold's "Essays in Criticism," the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses by which emphasis is secured: "And yet, after all, I cannot but think that the Saturday Review has here, for once, fallen a victim to an idea,—a beautiful but deluding idea,—and that the British nation has not yet, so entirely as the reviewer seems to imagine, found the last word of its philosophy. No, we are all seekers still! Seekers often make mistakes, and I wish mine to redound to my own discredit only, and not to touch Oxford. Beautiful city! so venerable, so lovely, so unravaged by the fierce intellectual life of our century, so serene ! "There are our young barbarians, all at play !' "And yet, steeped in sentiment as she lies, spreading her gardens to the moonlight, and whispering from her towers the last enchantments of the Middle Age, who will deny that Oxford, by her ineffable charm, keeps ever calling us nearer to the true goal of all of us, to the ideal, to perfection,-to beauty, in a word, which is only truth seen from |