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3. Does nature contribute more to the efficacy of labor in some
occupations than in others?..............
23
24
26
4. Some natural agents limited, others practically unlimited, in
quantity
27
Chapter II. Of Labor as an Agent of Production.
1. Labor employed either directly about the thing produced, or in
operations preparatory to its production....
2. Labor employed in producing subsistence for subsequent la-
29
- in the transport and distribution of the produce.
7. Labor which relates to human beings.
8. Labor of invention and discovery..
41
9. Labor agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial.
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33
36
37
40
42
Chapter III. Of Unproductive Labor.
1. Labor does not produce objects, but utilities.
3. Productive labor is that which produces utilities fixed and em-
bodied in material objects....
4. All other labor, however useful, is classed as unproductive.. 49
5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption....
6. Labor for the supply of Productive Consumption, and labor
for the supply of Unproductive Consumption...
Chapter IV. Of Capital.
52
I. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment.. 54
2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed
in it ....
56
3. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of capital.. 59
Chapter V. Fundamental Propositions respecting Capital.
1. Industry is limited by Capital........
2.
-
but does not always come up to that limit...
3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labor, with-
out assignable bounds.....
4. Capital is the result of saving..
5. All capital is consumed.....
6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual repro-
duction
PAGE
7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation....74
8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans.
9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labor....
10. Fallacy respecting Taxation......
Chapter VI. On Circulating and Fixed Capital.
1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what...
2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,
might be detrimental to the laborers..
90
8 28
92
96
Chapter VII. On what depends the degree of Productiveness
of Productive Agents.
1. Land, labor, and capital, are of different productiveness at different times and places......
2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages....
greater energy of labor... . . . .
3.
superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com-
munity generally.....
5.
6. superior security
99
100
102
104
106
III
Chapter VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination of Labor.
1. Combination of Labor a principal cause of superior produc-
tiveness...
2. Effects of separation of employments analyzed.
3. Combination of labor between town and country.
4. The higher degrees of the division of labor.
5. Analysis of its advantages......
6. Limitations of the division of labor.
Chapter IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on a
Small Scale.
1. Advantages of the large system of production in manu-
factures
113
115
118
120
121
128
129
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle... 134
3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production.... 139
4. Large and small farming compared..
Chapter X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labor.
1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of
three elements, Labor, Capital, and Land........
142
152
2. The Law of Population.......
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically
limited
Chapter XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.
153
... 155
1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent...................... 159
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of
accumulation
3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire....
4. Exemplification of its excess..
Chapter XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production from
Land.
1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the
real limits to production....
2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing
return in proportion to the increased application of labor
and capital
161
163
170
173
..... 173
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the
progress of improvements in production....
Chapter XIII. Consequence of the foregoing Laws.
1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of
the principle of accumulation.....
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of
inequality of property...
177
... 186
187
190
194
1. Introductory remarks......
2. Statement of the question..
3. Examination of Communism..
4. Examination of St. Simonism and Fourierism..
Chapter II. The same subject continued.
1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by
196
198
200
208
the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.
Question of inheritance examined.....
215
4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?..
221
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property
in movables .....
224
6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always real- ized. The limitations considered......
7. Rights of property in abuses....
226
230
Chapter III. Of the Classes among whom the Produce is dis-
tributed.
I. The produce sometimes shared among three classes.
2. The produce sometimes belongs undividedly to one.
3. The produce sometimes divided between two...
Chapter IV. Of Competition and Custom.
I. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the
produce ...
231
232
233
235
236
239
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land. 3. Influence of custom on prices....
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
slave-owners
....
245
Chapter VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties....
246
248
253
256
261
266
268
1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry............... 272
in training intelligence....
3. in promoting forethought and self-control..
4. Their effect on population......
5. Their effect on the subdivision of land..
Chapter VIII. Of Metayers.
275
276
277
285
1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties. .
289
2. Its advantages and inconveniences.....
291
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries.
4. Is its abolition desirable?.....
294
303
Chapter IX. Of Cottiers.
1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure...
305
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-
nal rents......
308
- which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint
on population.....
310
4. Ryot tenancy of India..
312
Chapter X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.
1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors.... 315
2. Present state of this question.
323
Chapter XI. Of Wages.
1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labor-in other
words, on population and capital...
...
328
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages.... 329
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-
straints on population.....
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labor-
ing class......
334
338
340
342
Chapter XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of
employment
2. -
.....
- would require as a condition, legal measures for repression
of population.....
3. Allowances in aid of wages.
4. The Allotment System...
Chapter XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further con-
sidered.
I. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of popu-
lation ...
2. Grounds for expecting improvement..
357
360
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the laboring people:
by education.....
364
4.
— and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign
and home colonization......
366
Chapter XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in different Employ-
ments.
1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of at-
tractiveness in different employments....
2. Differences arising from natural monopolies.
3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors.
4. — of the competition of persons with independent means of
support
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men..
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from
combinations
386
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom.
387
Chapter XV. Of Profits.
1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and
wages of superintendence....
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-
lar employment....
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is
liable ...
388
390
392
4. General tendency of profits to an equality.
394